PID Bacteria

Question 1

What are Virulence genes?

where do they come from?

How are they transferred?

what do they cause as a whole?

can they make a non pathogenic organism pathogenic?

Answer 1

they are acquired
Originate in a common ancestor and can be
- disseminated via horizontal transfer
- they cause a constant emergence of new strains

Yes -E coli is NF but when they pick up a virulent strained via horizontal transfer and become a new stain an thus pathogenic

Question 2

T or F

Resistance to antibiotics is a learned behavior?

Answer 2

T

Question 3

capsules…
what is it?
what does it do for the bact?

Answer 3

-High molecular weight polysaccharide
-Major virulence factor to evade clearance
-Protection form host immune response and
antibiotics
-Protection from phagocytosis and opsonization

-activation of the host’s immune cascade is not triggered bc the receptor cant bind to antigen do to the capsule

Question 4

Cell walls can be G+ or G- but when disrupted in the host it can cause?

Answer 4

Toxic components of their cell wall that Can cause shock whether intact or after antibiotic treatment and bacterial cell death

Question 5

LipoPolySaccharide
(LPS) are only found in gram ?
it is a large ________ molecule found in the bacteria’s ____________. and is not _______ based.
The _______________ portion triggers release of cytokines
that initiates complement cascade

Answer 5

gram negative bacteria amphophilic
outer membrane
protein
Lipid A

Question 6

Gram positive bacteria
have _________ and found in their cell wall. G+ bact like G- are very capable of eliciting a ___________ response in the host.

Answer 6

Peptidoglycan & teichoic acids

physiologic

Question 7

toxins produced via bact are produced to _________.

Answer 7

• damage or destroy host cell

Question 8

Proteinaceous toxins are exotoxins produced from Gram ______ bacteria.

Answer 8

negative

Question 9

toxins such as LPS are ___________.

Answer 9

Non-proteinaceous

Question 10

exotoxins are delivered to host cells in 2 ways. they are?

Answer 10

1. Secretion into the surrounding environment,
2. Direct injection into the cell via Type Ill
   secretion systems

Question 11

exotoxins once in or attached to the host cells can cause?

Answer 11

• proteolytic break down of host protiens

- membrane disrupting toxins = pore formation

Question 12

some _______ are produced by bacteria against IgA and the host cytoskeleton.

Answer 12

exotoxins

Question 13

the adhesion capability of bact is an expression of factors that allow the bact to _______ to the host cell. One this occurs the bact can be begin ________, _________ & ________. in addition this adhesion will prevent the ______ of the bact via the host mechanisms.

Answer 13

bind
proliferation, toxin delivery and invasion
removal

Question 14

the types of adhesions bact use are

Answer 14

• Polypeptides (proteins) or polysaccharides

- Protein adhesions can be fimbrial or afimbrial

Question 15

Gram negative use ______ as a tool for adhesion.

Answer 15

fimbriae

Question 16

_______ adhesions tend to have more intimate contact, usually along the cell wall of the bacteria.

Answer 16

Afimbrial

Question 17

invasion by bact can be either intra or extacellular.
___________ uses enzymes which break
down cell integrity of host allowing invasion
of tissue. Enzymes such as hemolysins, hyaluronidase,
and nucleases

Answer 17

Extracellular

Question 18

invasion by bact can be either intra or extacellular.
___________ invasion occurs when whole
organism enters the host cell. either by Internalization or phagocytosis of the
bacteria allowing them to proliferate and spread cell to cell

Answer 18

Intracellular

Question 19

bact can be either Obligate or facultative intracellular. what do they each mean?

Answer 19

• obligate intracellular has to live in a host cell.

- facultative can live in or outside of a host cell.

Question 20

Intracellular survival allows avoidance of the host’s…

Answer 20

• Non-phagocytic cells and professional
  phagocytes
• Avoidance of proteases and reactive
  oxygen intermediates

Question 21

Intracellular obligate bact Lost most of their _____ bc they are able to use host cell proteins rather than manufacture there own

Answer 21

DNA