physyology 1

Question 1

what is phsiology ?

Answer 1

the study of the functions of living things

Question 2

what is the The most common atoms in the body ?

Answer 2

— oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Question 3

what is the molecules of life ?

Answer 3

as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids

Question 4

what is the cell ?

Answer 4

the smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life.

Question 5

what is the basic cell functios ?

Answer 5

1-Obtaining food and oxygen from the surrounding environment and using them to provide energy for the cells
2-Eliminating to the cell’s environment carbon dioxide and other waste products
3-Synthesizing proteins
4-Controlling the exchanging of materials between the cell and its surrounding
5-Reproducing

Question 6

what is the specialized cell functions ?

Answer 6

1- Digestive system glands produoce digestive enzymes that break down food
2-Muscle cells generate tension by selective movement
3-Nerve cells generate and transmit electrical impulses to other body regions
4-Kidney cells selectively retain or eliminate unwanted substances in the urine

Question 7

what is the organ ?

Answer 7

body structure that integrates different tissues and carries out a specific function

Question 8

what is Homeostasis ?

Answer 8

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

Question 9

Homeostatically Regulated Factors ?

Answer 9

1. Concentration of nutrients
   2 Concentration of O2 and CO2
   3 Concentration of waste products
   4 PH CHANGES
   5 Concentrations of water, salt, and other electrolytes
   6 Volume and pressure
   7 TEMPERATURE

Question 9

what are the messengers in the nervous system ?

Answer 9

electrical impulses

Question 10

what are the messengers in the endocrine system ?

Answer 10

hormones (chemical messengers)

Question 11

The nervous system uses electrochemical messengers that travel in our nerve cells. This provides a fast response, and it has a short-term effect.

Answer 11

فهم

Question 12

Endocrine system is made of what ?

Answer 12

different endocrine glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones

Question 13

the responses generated by the endocrine system are slower to take place and last longer.

Answer 13

فهم

Question 14

what is the negative feedback ?

Answer 14

When a change occurs to a variable, the body makes a feedback that works to push the change away or Negate it and try to keep the variable as close to the set point as possible

Question 15

what are the cells that have developed a specialized use for membrane potential?

Answer 15

neurons (nerve cell)
muscle cells

Question 16

what is the resting membrane potential ?

Answer 16

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state.

Question 17

What generates the resting membrane potential ?

Answer 17

1-theK+that leaks from the inside of the cell to the outside
2-the Na+ channels are closed

Question 18

why the membrane is polarized ?

Answer 18

Because there is a potential difference across the cell membrane

Question 19

what are the two types of membrane channels ?

Answer 19

leak channels
gated channels.

Question 20

when the gated channel open ?and close?

Answer 20

response to a specific stimulus , when the stimulus is no longer present

Question 21

what are the three main types of gated channels ?

Answer 21

chemically gated channels
, voltage-gated channels
mechanically-gated channels.
thermally gated channels

Question 22

The main difference between graded potential and action potential is that graded potentials are the variable-strength signals that can be transmitted over short distances whereas action potentials are large depolarization that can be transmitted over long distances. Graded potential may lose the strength as they are transmitted through the neuron but, action potentials do not lose their strength during the transmission.

Answer 22

فهم

Question 23

what are The three primary forms of the graded potentials ?

Answer 23

receptor potential,
postsynaptic potentials
, end plate potentials.

Question 24

what are the neuron three basic parts?

Answer 24

cell body,
dendrites
axon

Question 25

what are The two types of synapses ?

Answer 25

chemical and electrical

Question 26

what is The major difference between a chemical and an electrical synapse ?

Answer 26

that in a chemical synapse, the nerve impulse is transmitted chemically via neurotransmitters, whereas in an electrical synapse, the nerve impulse is transmitted electrically via channel proteins

Question 27

what are the most synapses in the human system ?

Answer 27

synapses ,chemical messenger transmits information one way across a space separating the two neurons

Question 28

what are the two types of receptors in the chemical synapse ?

Answer 28

ionotropic receptor
metabotropic receptor

Question 29

what are the two types of synapses, depending on the resultant permeability changes ?

Answer 29

excitatory postsynaptic potential
inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question 30

what is the way that postsynaptic neuron can be brought to threshold by ?

Answer 30

temporal summation

spatial summation

Question 31

what is convergence ?

Answer 31

allows a neuron to receive input from many neurons in a network.