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YEAR 3 NEURO > PHYSIOLOGY - UMNs and control of movement > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY - UMNs and control of movement Flashcards

1
Q

what is the essential feature for a simple spinal central pattern generator to command rhythmic alternating activity that moves a limb

A

an excitatory interneurone to display oscillatory or pacemaker activity

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2
Q

what are the 3 levels of motor control

A

high middle and low

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3
Q

what is forms the highest level of motor control

A

neocortical association areas and basal ganglia

- strategy

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4
Q

what forms the middle tier of motor control

A

motor cortex and cerebellum

- tactics

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5
Q

what forms the lowest tier of motor control

A

brain stem and spinal cord

- execution

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6
Q

what are the 2 pathways of the descending tracts

A

lateral and ventromedial pathways

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7
Q

the lateral pathways are under control of from the

A

cerebral cortex

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8
Q

the ventromedial pathways are under the control from the

A

brainstem

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9
Q

what is brown sequard syndrome

A

hemisection of the cord

  • ipsilateral paralysis
  • ipsilateral hyperreflexia and extensor plantar reflex
  • ipsilateral loss of DCML
  • contralateral loss of spinothalamic
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10
Q

what is the major lateral pathway

A

corticospinal tract

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11
Q

why is the corticospinal tract considered pyramidal

A

passes through the medullary pyramids

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12
Q

where are the cell bodies of the corticospinal tract located

A

BA4 and BA6 of motor cortex and somatosensory areas of the parietal cortex

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13
Q

where do axons of the corticospinal tract course from the cortex

A

descend through internal capsule to base of medulla

pass through crus cerebri of the midbrain, pons and medulla

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14
Q

where do fibres of the corticospinal tract decussate

A

most decussate in the caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation) to form the lateral corticospinal tract
remainder stay ipsilateral to form ventral corticospinal tract and decussate segmentally more caudally

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15
Q

after fibres of the lateral corticospinal tract decussate where do they go and terminate

A

descend into the spinal cord terminating in the dorsolateral region of the ventral horn at all segmental levels

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16
Q

where do fibres of the ventral corticospinal tract go once they have decussated

A

decussate and terminate in the ventral horn of the cervical and upper thoracic segmental levels

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17
Q

what does the corticospinal tract control

A

supplies muscles of body - fine precise movements particularly of distal musculature

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18
Q

what is found in the dorsolateral region of the ventral horn and intermediate grey

A

location of LMNs and interneurons controlling distal muscles

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19
Q

true/false

the left side of the brain always control right side musculature

A

true

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20
Q

what are the 2 pyramidal tracts and their functions

A

corticospinal tract - supples muscles of body

corticobulbar tract - supplies muscles of head and neck

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21
Q

pyramidal tracts are responsible for voluntary/involuntary movements

A

voluntary

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22
Q

extra-pyramidal tracts originate where

A

brainstem

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23
Q

extra-pyramidal tracts control what

A

involuntary and automatic control of all musculature such as muscle tone balance posture and locomotion

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24
Q

what is the internal capsule

A

white matter pathway located between the thalamus and the basal ganglia

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25
Q

what is capsular stroke

A

internal capsule is particularly susceptible to compression from haemorrhagic bleeds

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26
Q

where does the corticobulbar tract arise from

A

lateral motor cortex

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27
Q

where do neurones of the corticobulbar tract terminate

A

motor nuclei of the cranial nerves where they synapse with LMNs which carry motor signals to muscles of face and neck

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28
Q

true/false

both right and left fibres of the corticobulbar tract innervate the motor neurones bilaterally

A

true

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29
Q

what are the 2 exceptions to the bilateral innervation of the corticobulbar tract

A

UMNs for the facial nerve only have contralateral innervation of muscles below the eyes
UMNs for the hypoglossal nerve only provide contralateral innervation

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30
Q

name a minor lateral pathway other than the corticospinal or corticobulbar

A

rubrospinal

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31
Q

is the rubrospinal tract pyramidal or extrapyramidal

A

extrapyramidal

32
Q

cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract are found where

A

red nucleus

33
Q

the red nucleus receives input from where

A

motor cortex and cerebellum

34
Q

axons of the rubrospinal tract decussate where

A

ventral tegmental decussation in the midbrain

35
Q

axons of the rubrospinal tract descend the spinal cord where in relation to the lateral corticospinal tract

A

ventrolateral

36
Q

where do axons of the rubrospinal tract terminate

A

ventral horn

37
Q

the rubrospinal tract exerts control over what muscles

A

flexors

38
Q

true / false

if the corticospinal tract is damaged the rubrospinal tract can compensate to a good degree

A

true

39
Q

what controls fine movements of hand

A

rubrospinal tract

40
Q

give 2 things lesions of the lateral columns is associated with

A
  • cant move shoulders/elbow/wrist/fingers independently

- slowing and impairment of accuracy of voluntary movements

41
Q

would a lesion of the lateral column have much effect on normal posture

A

no

42
Q

what are the 3 ventromedial pathways

A

vestibulospinal
tectospinal
reticulospinal

43
Q

what are the 2 vestibulospinal pathways

A

medial and lateral

44
Q

where does the vestibulospinal tract arise

A

lateral and medial vestibular nuclei

45
Q

what do the vestibular nuclei receive input from

A

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve which gets info from vestibular labyrinths

46
Q

does the vestibulospinal tract decussate

A

no - descends spinal cord and remains ipsilateral

47
Q

where is the lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiter’s nucleus)

A

pons

48
Q

where is the medial vestibular nucleus

A

medulla

49
Q

input from where is also important for the vestibulospinal tract

A

cerebellum

50
Q

how far down does the lateral vestibulospinal tract descend

A

until the lumbar spinal cord

51
Q

what does the LVST control

A

helps to hold upright and balanced posture - extensor MNs of antigravity muscles e.g. of the leg

52
Q

how dar down does the medial VST descend

A

cervical spinal cord

53
Q

what does the MVST control

A

cervical spinal circuits that control neck and back muscles guiding the head

54
Q

which of the tracts of the VST is longer

A

lateral is longer - goes from higher up to further down

55
Q

where do cell bodies of the tectospinal tract originate

A

superior colliculus of the midbrain

56
Q

the superior colliculus receives input from what

A

retina (optic nerves)
visual cortex
afferents conveying somatosensory and auditory information

57
Q

where do axons of the tectospinal tract decussate

A

dorsal tegmental decussation of the midbrain

58
Q

axons of the tectospinal tract descend the spinal cord close to the midline and go to what

A

cervical spinal cord influencing muscles of the neck upper trunk and shoulders

59
Q

what does the tectospinal tract do in general

A

coordinates movement of the head and eyes in relation to visual stimuli

60
Q

what are the 2 reticulospinal tracts

A

medial (pontine)

lateral (medullary)

61
Q

where does the MRST arise

A

pons

62
Q

where does the LRST arise

A

medulla

63
Q

what does the MRST control

A

voluntary movements and increases muscle tone
enhances anti-gravity reflexes of the spinal cord
helps to maintain standing posture by facilitating contraction of the extensors of lower limbs

64
Q

what does the LRST control

A

opposes the action of the medial tract - releases antigravity muscles from reflex control

65
Q

which of the RST descends ipsilaterally and which descends bilaterally

A

medial - ipsilaterally

lateral - bilaterally

66
Q

what are the cardinal signs of an UMN of corticospinal tract

A 
hypertonia
hyperreflexia
clonus
babinski sign
muscle weakness
67
Q

why does damage to the corticobulbar tract usually result in mild muscle weakness

A

bilateral innervation of majority from corticobulbar tract

68
Q

lesion to the UMNs of the corticobulbar supply of CN VII would result in

A

spastic paralysis of the muscles in the contralateral lower face

69
Q

lesion to UMNs of corticobulbar supply of CN XII would result in

A

spastic paralysis of contralateral genioglossus - deviation of tongue to contralateral side

70
Q

decorticate posture: (flexor/extensor) position

A

flexor

FLEX my new DECOR

71
Q

what are the hands like in decorticate

A

in decortiCate

hands are like Cs and move toward the Cord (midline)

72
Q

decorticate posture occurs due to problem with

A

cervical spinal tract or cerebral hemisphere

73
Q

decerebrate posture: (flexor/extensor) position

A

extensor

dEcErEbratE

74
Q

the arms are like what in decerebrate posture

A

like e’s

and down to sides

75
Q

decerebrate posture is due to a problem with what

A

midbrain or pons

YEAR 3 NEURO (12 decks)

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