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YEAR 3 NEURO > ANATOMY - back and spine > Flashcards

ANATOMY - back and spine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 extrinsic back muscles

A

levator scapulae
rhomboids
trapezius
lattisimus dorsi

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2
Q

what is the function of the extrinsic back muscles

A

move upper limb

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3
Q

the extrinsic back muscles attach the back to the

A

pectoral girdle

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4
Q

what is the function of the intrinsic back muscles

A

maintain back posture and move spine

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5
Q

the intrinsic back muscles are entirely ..

A

within the back

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6
Q

what are the 2 groups of intrinsic back muscles

A 
erector spinae (superficial)
transversospinalis (deep)
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7
Q

how many erector spinae are there

A

3 groups

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8
Q

where are the 3 erector spinae located

A

3 vertical muscle groups located lateral to the spine

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9
Q

where do the erector spinae attach inferiorly

A

common tendon attaches to sacrum and iliac crest

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10
Q

where do the erector spinae attach superiorly

A

individual muscle fibres attach via tendon to either a

  • rib
  • transverse process of vertebra
  • spinous process of vertebra
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11
Q

strain of the erector spinae may cause what

A

low back pain

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12
Q

where are the transversospinalis located

A

within grooves between transverse and spinous processes

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13
Q

what are the 4 attachment options for the transversospinalis muscles

A

vertebra and skull
vertebra and rib
vertebra and another vertebra
sacrum and vertebra

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14
Q

what is the nerve supply of the intrinsic back muscles

A

segmental nerve supply in dermatomal / myotomal patttern - posterior rami branches (cervical, thoracic and lumbar)

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15
Q

what are the 3 muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominus

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16
Q

what are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A

psoas major

quadratus lumborum

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17
Q

the erector spinae and transversospinalis (flex/extend) the spine

A

extend - erector spinae bilaterally contracts

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18
Q

what happens if unilateral contraction of erector spinae occurs

A

lateral flexion

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19
Q

adult vertebral column has how many vertebra and how many of each level

A

33

  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral —> 1 sacrum
  • 4 coccygeal –> 1 coccyx
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20
Q

how does the size of the vertebra change as you go down the column

A

larger as you go down as bear more weight then become smaller again once weight has been transferred to hips

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21
Q

what are the 4 curvatures of the spine and are they primary or secondary

A

cervical lordosis - 2
thoracic kyphosis - 1
lumbar lordosis - 2
sacral kyphosis - 1

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22
Q

what does the vertebral foramen convey and protect

A

spinal cord

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23
Q

what can be found in the intervertebral foramen

A

spinal nerves

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24
Q

what can be found in the intervertebral foramen

A

spinal nerves

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25
Q

what disease can affect facet joints

A

arthritis

26
Q

what is found between the bodies of adjacent vertebra

A

intervertebral discs

27
Q

where are no intervertebral discs found

A

between C1 - C2

in the fused sacrum and coccyx

28
Q

what is the function of the intervertebral discs

A

weight bearing and strength

29
Q

what is the function of the intervertebral discs

A

weight bearing and strength

30
Q

intervertebral discs contribute what % of length of spine

A

25%

31
Q

the outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral discs is called the

A

annulus fibrosus

32
Q

the inner soft pulp of intervertebral discs is called

A

nucleus pulposus

33
Q

what is the function of the nucleus pulposus

A

flexibility and protection

34
Q

what is the function of the annulus fibrosus

A

provides strong bond

35
Q

each disc allows a small amount of ___

A

movement

36
Q

what does the ligamentum flavum connect

A

adjacent lamina posterior to spinal cord

37
Q

what ligament prevents over flexion of the spine

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

38
Q

what ligement prevents over extension of the spine

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

39
Q

what ligament connects tips of spinous processes

A

supraspinous ligament

40
Q

what does the interspinous ligament connect

A

superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

41
Q

the cervical vertebra often have a ___ spinous process

A

bifid

42
Q

what is another name for C1

A

atlas

43
Q

what is another name for C2

A

axis

44
Q

C1 doesnt have a ___ or ___

A

body or spinous process

45
Q

what does C1 have instead of a body or spinous process

A

anterior and posterior arch

46
Q

C2 has an ____ ___

A

odontoid process

47
Q

what is known as vertebre prominens and why

A

C7

1st palpable spinous process in most people

48
Q

what is the atlanto occipital joint

A

between occipital condyles and superior articular facets of the atlas

49
Q

what kind of joint is the atlanto occipital joint

A

synovial with loose capsule

50
Q

what movements are possible at atlanto occipital joint

A

flexion and extension

some lateral flexion and rotation

51
Q

how many articulations does the atlanto-axial joint have and what kind of joints are they

A

3 - synovial

52
Q

what are the 3 joints of the atlanto-axial joint

A

2 between inferior articular facets of the atlas and superior articular facets of the axis
1 between anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis

53
Q

what is the main movement at the atlanto-axial joint

A

rotation

54
Q

how many stages are there for a cervical vertebra dislocation

A

4

55
Q

what is stage I of cervical vertebra dislocation

A

flexion sprain

56
Q

what is stage II of a cervical vertebra dislocation

A

anterior subluxation, 25% translation

57
Q

what is stage III of a cervical vertebra dislocation

A

50% translation

58
Q

what is stage IV of a cervical vertebra dislocation

A

complete dislocation

59
Q

where does the spinal cord begin

A

foramen magnum

60
Q

what vertebral level does the spinal cord end at

A

L1/L2 (can be T12 to L3)

61
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

all the spinal nerve roots from L2 to Co that have to descend to reach their spinal nerve at their numbered vertebra

YEAR 3 NEURO (12 decks)

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