Physiology Review (Rogers) Flashcards

1
Q

Which zone/structures of the airways make up anatomic dead space?

A
  • Conducting zone
  • Trachea + Bronchi + Bronchioles + Terminal bronchioles
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2
Q

What is responsible for decreasing surface tension within alveoli and helps keep them from deflating?

A

Surfactant

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3
Q

Which type of epithelial cells are the primary lining of the alveoli/provide structure and which cells secrete surfactant?

A
  • Type I cells = structure
  • Type II cells = surfactant
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4
Q

Although the same volume of blood goes through the right and left heart every minute, which side of circulation has lower pressure and why?

A

Right side; lower resistance to blood flow

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5
Q

If the lungs lose their elasticity what occurs to the chest wall?

A

Chest expands and becomes barrel-shaped

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6
Q

Graphically what occurs to the pressure within the alveoli during inspiration and expiration?

A
  • During inspiration there is negative pressure (i.e., from 0 —> -1 —> 0)
  • During expiration there is positive pressure (i.e., from 0 —> +1 —> 0)
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7
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure at the base of the lungs at the start of inspiration/end of expiration; what occurs during inspiration?

A
  • Usually -2.5 mmHg
  • ↓ to about -6 mmHg
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8
Q

Which volume and capacities cannot be measured via spirometry?

A
  • Residual volume (RV)
  • Any capacity that includes RV cannot be measured (i.e., FRC and TLC)
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9
Q

The fraction of the vital capacity expired during the first second of a forced expiration is referred to as what?

A

FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second)

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10
Q

Which capacity represents the balancing point between the elastic recoil of the lungs and the recoil of the chest wall?

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

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11
Q

How do the static expiratory pressure-volume curves of the lungs of pt with emphysema and fibrosis differ from that of normal lungs?

A
  • Emphysema will have a much LARGER lung volumes
  • Fibrosis will show much SMALLER lung volumes
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12
Q

What are the components of total (physiologic) dead space?

A

Anatomic dead space of conducting airways + alveolar dead space

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13
Q

Which flow volume parameters are increased in obstructive lung disease?

A
  • RV
  • FRC
  • TLC
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14
Q

Which flow volume parameters are decrease in obstructive lung disease?

A
  • ↓↓ FEV1
  • ↓ FVC
  • ↓ FEV1/FVC
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15
Q

Which flow-volume parameter is normal/increased in restrictive lung disease?

A

Normal or ↑FEV1/FVC

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16
Q

What does alveolar ventilation represent and how is it calculated?

A
  • Volume of gas that reaches alveoli each minute
  • VA = (VT - VD) x RR

*VT = tidal volume and VD = physiologic dead space

17
Q

What is the effect of increasing temperature and pH on the affinity of Hb for O2 (oxygen-Hb dissociation curve)?

A
  • temperature –> ↓ affinity
  • pH —> ↑ affinity
18
Q

List 6 factors which ↓ the affinity of Hb for O2 and shift the O2-hemoglobin disscociation curve to the right.

A
  • ↑ H+ (↓ pH, Acid)
  • ↑ PCO2
  • Exercise
  • ↑ 2,3-BPG
  • High Altitude
  • Temperature

*ACE BATs RIGHT

19
Q

For each molecule of CO2 that enters a RBC, which additional ions will be in the cell?

A

HCO3- and Cl-

20
Q

Retention of CO2 in the body (hypercapnia) stimulates which physiological adjustments?

A
  • Initially ↑ in respiration
  • Large amounts of HCO3- are excreted, but more HCO3- is reabsorbed
21
Q

Hypocapnia is the result of what?

A

Hyperventilation

22
Q

Breathing is under what 2 types of control and where in the brain are these centers located?

A
  • Voluntary control –> cerebral cortex
  • Autonomic control –> pacemaker cells in medulla
23
Q

Which complex in the medulla contains synaptically coupled pacemaker cells that allow for rhythmic generation of breathing?

A

pre-Bötzinger complex

24
Q

Slowing adapting receptors in the airways are activated by what?

A

Lung inflation/hyper-inflation

25
Rapidly adapting receptors in the airways can be activated by what stimuli and can trigger what?
- **Chemicals** (i.e., histamine, prostaglandins) - Trigger **cough** + **bronchoconstriction** + **mucus secretion** and in the lungs, **hyperpnea** = ↑ depth and rate of breathing
26
The peripheral chemoreceptors of the carotic and aortic bodies respond to change in what chemical stimuli?
**PO2** + **PCO2** + **H+**
27
What is the function of the Type I (glomus) cells found within the carotid body?
Release **catecholamines** upon exposue to **hypoxia**
28
The effects of CO2 on respiration are mainly due to it's movement into what and are sensed by which chemoreceptors?
Into **CSF** and sensed by **central chemoreceptors** of the **medulla**, which are **sensitive** to ↑ [H+]
29
The central chemoreceptors of the medulla are sensitive to which ion?
H+
30
What are the J receptors found within the airways, what are they stimulated by, and what is the response?
- **Unmyelinated** vagal fibers found next to **pulmonary vessles** - Stimulated by **hyperinflation** (or **exogenous** substances including **capsaicin**) - Lead to **pulmonary chemoreflex** = **apnea** followed by **tachypnea** + **bradycardia** + **hypotension**
31
What physiological changes occur during the pulmonary chemoreflex upon stimulation of J receptors?
**Apnea** followed by **tachypnea** + **bradycardia** + **hypotension**
32
The Hering-Breuer inflation and deflation relfexes are mediated by which fibers?
**Slowly** adapting receptors