Physiology - Respiratory Flashcards
Describe internal respiration
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Describe external respiration
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Describe hypoxia
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Describe anoxia
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Describe minute volume
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Describe tidal volume
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Describe alveolar volume
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Describe diffusion
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Describe compliance
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Describe expiratory reserve volume
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Describe inspiratory reserve volume
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Describe dead space
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Describe capillary-perfusion membrane (diffusion membrane)
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What are the major and accessory muscles and their innervation involved in respiration including those of the bronchioles
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What us the airway structure that can constrict or dilate, thereby regulating air entry and exit out of the lower airway?
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What are the changes in intrapulmonary and interpleural pressure within the respiratory system during inspiration and expiration?
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How does aging effect ventilatory ability in relation to the dynamics of breathing?
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What factors might cause the respiratory rate to vary in the individual?
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What is the anatomical part of the brain that controls voluntary and involuntary respiration?
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Describe the way in which the brain stem regulates respiration rate, volume and rhythm…
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Draw the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve
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What is the effect of the autonomic nervous system on respirations?
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Differentiate the effect of stimulation of irritant receptors, juxtapulmonary capillary receptors (J-receptors) and Beta 2 receptors…
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What is the function of the Herring-Breuer reflex?
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What is the location of the brain and circulatory chemoreceptors which control rate and depth of respiration?
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What factors influence tidal volume?
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What factors influence ventilatory exchange?
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How is oxygen transported from the alveolocapillary membrane to the body’s cells?
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How is carbon dioxide transported from the body cells to the alveoli?
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What is the normal arterial pCO2 for an adult?
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Define hypercapnea and explaine its effect on the respiratory activity and on blood pH in the normal individual
Also called CO2 retention, abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood. Hypercapnia normally triggers a reflex which increases breathing and access to oxygen, such as arousal and turning the head during sleep.
Define hypoxemia and explain its effect on respiratory activity in the normal individual
an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood.
Describe dyspnoea
The sensation of breathlessness or shortness of breath. Can occur n the absence of any physiological evidence
Describe tachypnoea
Increased ventilation rate
Describe hyperpnea
increased depth of breathing when required to meet metabolic demand of body tissues, such as during or following exercise, or when the body lacks oxygen (hypoxia), for instance in high altitude or as a result of anemia.
Describe bradypnea
Abnormally slow breathing rate
Describe orthopnea
shortness of breath (dyspnea) which occurs when lying flat
Describe Cheyne-Stokes respiration
abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. Can be seen in patients with heart failure, strokes, hyponatremia, traumatic brain injuries and brain tumors.
Describe Kussmaul’s respirations
Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure
Describe Biot’s respirations
Biot’s respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea. Clinically equivalent to Cheyne-Stokes
Describe hypoventilation
hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning “below”) to perform needed gas exchange. By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis.
Describe ataxic
Ataxic respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by complete irregularity of breathing, with irregular pauses and increasing periods of apnea. As the breathing pattern deteriorates, it merges with agonal respirations.
Describe hyperventilation
Hyperventilation occurs when the rate and quantity of alveolar ventilation of carbon dioxide exceeds the body’s production of carbon dioxide. Hyperventilation can be voluntary or involuntary.
Describe apneustic (apneusis) respirations
Apneustic respiration (a.k.a. apneusis) is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release.
Accompanying signs and symptoms may include decerebrate posturing; fixed, dilated pupils; coma or profound stupor etc.
Describe agonal respirations
Agonal respiration, gasping respiration or agonal breathing is an abnormal pattern of breathing and brainstem reflex characterized by gasping, labored breathing, accompanied by strange vocalizations and myoclonus.
Describe apnoea
no ventilatory effort, is a term for suspension of external breathing. During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged.
Describe atelectasis
Collapse of part of the lung; caused by blockage of the air passage or external pressure on the lung.
Describe Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
A life-threatening condition of the lungs whereby insufficient oxygen is drawn into the lungs, resulting in insufficient gas exchange
