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Strength & Conditioning > Physiology Recap > Flashcards

Physiology Recap Flashcards

1
Q

Where does a sarcomere run from and to?

A

Z to Z lines

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2
Q

What are the thick filaments?

A

Myosin

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3
Q

Describe the myosin filament

A

2 polypeptides joined together

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4
Q

What do the polypeptides in the myosin filament form?

A

Shaft like tail known as the myosin heavy chain.

AND

A double globular head, known as the myosin light chain.

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5
Q

Which chain on the myosin filament contains the ATP binding site ATPase?

A

Myosin light chain

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6
Q

Why are the myosin light chains essential?

A

They stabilise the myosin head.

Allows phosphorylation to occur.

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7
Q

What comes under the thin filaments?

A

Actin

Troponin

Tropomyosin

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8
Q

What are the thin filaments composed of?

A

2 intertwined strands of F actin.

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9
Q

What is each strand of F actin made up of?

A

G actin subunits (a.k.a globular actin)

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10
Q

What does each globular unit have?

A

AS that can bind to the myosin head = allowing muscle contraction.

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11
Q

What exactly prevents the muscle contraction from occurring?

A

When the G-actin AS on the F-actin chains are covered by tropomyosin molecules.

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11
Q

What does each tropomyosin have attached to it?

A

A calcium ion binding site called TROPONIN

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12
Q

What 3 things makes up the troponin complex?

A

Troponin A

Troponin C

Troponin I

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13
Q

Where does Titin run through?

A

Core of the thick filaments of the myosin

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14
Q

Where does the Titian emerge from?

A

The ends of the filaments

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15
Q

Where does Titin bind to?

A

Z discs

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16
Q

What is the purpose of Titin?

A

To keep thick + thin filaments aligned

Resists overstretching of muscle

Allows recoil of muscle

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17
Q

What does nebulin do?

A

Anchors actin to z discs.

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18
Q

Purpose of the z discs

A

Attach actin to cell membrane.

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19
Q

What are z discs usually made up of?

A

A-actin

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20
Q

Purpose of the M line

A

Attaches myosin to cell membrane

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21
Q

What is the M line made up of?

A

Myomesin

C proteins

Creatine kinase

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22
Q

What does the I band contain?

A

ONLY thin actin myofilaments.

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23
Q

What does the A band consists of?

A

Actin + myosin filaments where they overlap.

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24
Q

H zone

A

Myosin ONLY

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25
Q

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

Step 1

(At rest + the cocking of the myosin head)

A

At rest = ATP binds to myosin head where ATPase enzyme hydrolyses ATP –> ADP = releasing energy.

Energy cocks the myosin head, causing it to point away from the M line and into a higher energy position.

(ADP + Pi still remain attached).

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26
Q

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

Step 2 (Myosin head binding)

A

Cocked myosin head binds to AS on actin mol + the Pi is released (making bond stronger).

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27
Q

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

Step 3 (Release of ADP)

A

Myosin releases ADP + bends its head. = POWERSTROKE.

New ATP binds to myosin head to release it from the actin.

ATP hydrolysis by ATPase then cocks the head again + repeat.

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28
Q

What are the different ways in which muscle fibre types can be classified?

A

Histochemical

Biochemical

Morphological

Physologic

29
Q

What makes up a NM junction?

A

Axon terminals

Motor end plate

Muscle membrane

Schwann cell sheathe

30
Q

What is the motor unit made up of?

A

AMN

Muscle innovated by the AMN

31
Q

What are the different types of motor unit

A

Slow

Fast fatigue

Fast twitch fatiguable

32
Q

What happens when a muscle is stretched?

A

Defamation of the muscle spindle which activates the sensory neurone switch

33
Q

What happens once the sensory neurone switch has been activated by a stretched muscle?

A

Impulse is sent to spinal cord to synapse w/ motor neurone to cause muscle to contract.

34
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Proprioceptors consisting of modified muscle fibres enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue found w/in the muscle.

35
Q

What happens when a muscle spindle synapses w/ a motor neurone?

A

It causes muscular contraction as it wants to protect the overstretch.

36
Q

What are Golgi tendon organs?

A

Tension sensors

37
Q

What do the Golgi tendon organs do when the load increases?

A

They discharge

38
Q

What happens when there’s a discharge in the GTO

A

It’s sensory neurone activates an inhibitory inter-neurone in the spinal cord.

== Then inhibits a motor neurone serving that same muscle.

Causing it to relax.

39
Q

What is resistance training thought to do in regards to the GTO activity?

A

Desensitise its activity = allowing for heavier loads to be used.

40
Q

What do sarcomeres in series increase?

A

Velocity of contraction

41
Q

What do sarcomeres in parallel increase?

A

Force of contraction

42
Q

What are the 2 main groups for muscle shape?

A

Parallel

Pennate

43
Q

How is total tension calculated?

A

Passive tension + active tension.

44
Q

In a SHORTENING/CONCENTRIC muscle contraction, what happens to the force as velocity increases?

A

Force decreases

45
Q

When is the MAXIMUM force occurring in a concentric muscle action?

A

When there is 0 velocity.

= Slower velocity = larger no. of crossbridges formed

= Faster velocity = fewer crossbridge attachments

46
Q

At what point on the velocity points is the muscle at isometric strength?

A

0 velocity

47
Q

What happens to the isometric strength of the muscle when a load greater than isometric strength is applied?

A

Fibre begins to lengthen.

If load is high then the velocity of that lengthening is going to increase.

48
Q

What is the bone made up of?

A

Inorganic salts

Collagen

49
Q

Bone turnover rates

A

0.5 grams of Calcium every day

5-7% of our bone is recycled every week.

50
Q

Osteoblasts

Immature or mature?

A

Immature

51
Q

What do osteoblasts form?

A

Osteoid

52
Q

What happens to the osteoid?

A

Mineralises to form bone.

53
Q

What is the osteoid primarily composed of?

A

Type 1 collagen

54
Q

What happens to osteoblasts when trapped in bone matrix?

A

Become osteocytes

55
Q

Osteocytes

Mature or immature bone cells?

A

Mature

56
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

Formation of new bone

Maintenance of bone matrix

Homeostasis of calcium in bone matrix

57
Q

What are osteoclasts responsible for?

A

Bone reabsorption + remodelling.

58
Q

What is the latent period of a muscular contraction?

A

Time between the stimulates + initiation of contraction.

59
Q

What follows the latent period?

A

Contraction period

60
Q

What follows the contraction period?

A

Relaxation period

61
Q

Define a muscular twitch

A

Period of contraction + relaxation of a muscle after a single stimulation.

62
Q

Define a muscular twitch

A

Period of contraction + relaxation of a muscle after a single stimulation.

63
Q

MUSCLES

Define summation

A

When another AP were to stimulate a muscle before a previous muscle twitch had completely relaxed therefore ⬆️ the total amount of tension prod in the muscle.

64
Q

MUSCLES

Define tetanus

A

When the freq of APs generated increases to such a point that muscle tension has reached its peak and then plateaus and no relaxation is observed.

65
Q

Bipennate muscles

A

2 rows of muscle fibres facing in opposite diagonal directions w. a central tendon

i.e like a feather

65
Q

Bipennate muscles

A

2 rows of muscle fibres facing in opposite diagonal directions w. a central tendon

i.e like a feather

66
Q

Flat muscles

A

Broad

Rel thin

Sheetlike muscle

67
Q

Unipennate muscles

A

Muscle fibres/fasicles are all on 1 side of the tendon.

68
Q

Strap muscle

A

A group of 4 pairs of muscles in the anterior part of the neck.

69
Q

Key function of the Golgi tendon organs

A

A proprioceptor, sense organ

Receives info from tendon that senses tension.

When lifting weights - It’s the sense organ that tell you how much tension the muscle is exerting.

70
Q

Key function of muscle spindles

A

Stretch detectors that sense how much + how fast a muscle is lengthened or shortened.

Strength & Conditioning (7 decks)

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