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Endocrine Responses to Resistance Training Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system differ from the exocrine system?

A

Endocrine uses glands rather than ducts.

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2
Q

Some differences between the endocrine + nervous system

A

Endocrine communicates more slowly but the effects are long lasting.

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3
Q

Define the endocrine system

A

Collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried to a distant target organ.

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4
Q

Define a hormone

A

Regulatory substance prod in an organism + transported in biological tissue +/or fluids to stimulate specific cell/tissue types into a specific action.

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5
Q

What are hormones involved in the regulation of?

A

Digestion/absorption

Growth

Metabolism

Excretion

Locomotion

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6
Q

Endocrine hormone

A

Hormone enters general circulation

Acts on target cells in another body part

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7
Q

Autocrine hormones

A

Hormone acts on cell that prod it

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8
Q

Paracrine hormone

A

Hormone acts on adjacent cells to the prod cells

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9
Q

Hormonal amplification

A

Some hormones need to be triggered by the action of different hormones to be released.

At each stage the production is amplified.

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones?

A

Steroid

Peptide

Amine

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11
Q

What are steroid hormones made from?

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones

A

Testosterone

Oestrogens

Cortisones

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13
Q

How do steroid hormones transport themselves?

A

Diff through cell membrane + attach to receptor w/in cell

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14
Q

What are peptide hormones made from?

A

Multiple aa

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15
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin

IGF

Growth hormone

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16
Q

How do peptide hormones transport themselves?

A

Attach to target receptor on cell membrane

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17
Q

What are the amine hormones made from?

A

Single aa

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18
Q

How do amine hormones transport themselves?

A

Attach to target receptor on cell membrane

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19
Q

Examples of amine hormones

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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20
Q

Process of how STEROID hormones work

A
  1. Enter cell
  2. Binds to specific receptor in cytoplasm or in nucleus.
  3. Hormone-receptor complex activates cells DNA to form mRNA.
  4. mRNA leaves nucleus
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis in cytoplasm.
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21
Q

Process of how NON-STEROID hormones work

A

Can’t pass through cell membrane so:

  1. Binds to specific receptor on cell membrane.
  2. Hormone-receptor complex activates adenylate cyclase w/in cell.
  3. Adenylate cyclase forms cAMP.
  4. cAMP activates protein kinases that lead to cellular changes + hormonal effects.
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22
Q

Release of steroid hormones

A

As soon as they’re produced

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23
Q

Release of peptide + amine hormones

A

Prod in advance + stored in vesicles + later release

epinephrine stored in adrenal medulla

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24
Q

Primary site of production for insulin hormone

A

Pancreas

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25
Primary site of production for glucagon hormone
Pancreas
26
Primary site of production for testosterone hormone
Testes Ovaries
27
Primary site of production for growth hormone
Pituitary gland
28
Primary site of production for Oxytocin hormone
pituitary gland
29
Primary site of production for ADH hormone
pituitary gland
30
Primary site of production for adrenaline/epinephrine hormone
Adrenal medulla
31
Primary site of production for leptin hormone
Adipose tissue
32
Primary site of production for progesterone hormone
Ovaries
33
Primary site of production for EPO hormone
Kidneys
34
Major physiological functions from the insulin hormone
Stimulates: - Glucose uptake - Glucose oxidation - Glycogen storage Suppresses: - Lipolysis
35
Major physiological functions from the glucagon hormone
⬇️ glucose uptake Stimulates glycogenolysis + lipolysis
36
Major physiological functions from the testosterone hormone
Control of growth Sperm production Sex drive
37
Major physiological functions from the growth hormone
Cell reproduction Stimulates glycogenolysis Stimulates lipolysis
38
Major physiological functions from the oxytocin hormone
Stimulates contraction during labour + milk prod
39
Major physiological functions from the ADH hormone
Stimulates H20 retention
40
Major physiological functions from the leptin hormone
Suppresses appetite
41
Why is it important to have hormonal amplification with exercise?
Fluid vol shifts = More cellular H20, less blood H20 = amplified endocrine effect from blood borne hormones Blood flow re-distribution = ⬆️ hormones delivered to working muscles ⬆️ CO = clearance of hormones through other tissues allows quicker delivery to muscle tissue.
42
Hormones around before resistance exercise
Adrenaline Noradrenaline
43
Hormones around during resistance exercise
Adrenaline Noradrenaline Growth hormone Testosterone
44
Hormones around after resistance exercise
Growth hormone Testosterone IGF-1 Insulin (nutrition mediated)
45
Where is 95% of Testosterone prod from in males? What about the other 5%?
Leydig cells in testes 5% by adrenals
46
How long does steroidegenesis take?
~35 minutes
47
Testosterone prod pathway
In response to hypothalamus releasing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Pituitary gland prod LH which travels in blood stream to testes/ovaries to stimulate the prod + release of T.
48
How does testosterone work?
Passively diff across sarcolemma of muscle fibre. Binds w/ receptor to form hormone-receptor complex (H-RC). H-RC arrives to genetic material in nucleus, "opens" it to expose transcriptional units coding for the synthesis of specific proteins.
49
When does serum testosterone increase?
With acute exercise
50
How long after exercise do testosterone levels return to baseline?
1hr
51
Acute effects of testosterone on muscle tissue
Stimulates prod of NT = ⬆️ force Facilitates Ca2+ release from sarcolemma = ⬆️ force
52
Where is the growth hormone secreted by?
Pituitary gland
53
What does the growth hormone interact with?
Bone Immune cells Skeletal muscle Fat cells Liver tissue
54
What does the growth hormone (GH) stimulate the liver to do?
Make IGF
55
What is the growth hormone regulated by?
Neuroendocrine fb mechanisms
56
What is the growth hormone mediated by?
Secondary hormones (IGF-1)
57
Modifying factors to the growth hormone
Stress Fitness Diet Age Gender Adiposity Injury
58
How is the growth hormone released?
In a pulsatile fashion throughout the day
59
When is the growth hormone secreted the most?
When asleep
60
When is the growth hormone conc higher in the menstrual cycle?
in late follicular phase
61
F or M have higher blood levels of the growth hormone?
F
62
What does exercise do the Growth hormone production?
Stimulates it
63
What does longer duration exercise cause for growth hormone production
More GH made
64
What in the blood stimulates GH as a response of exercise
Increased blood lactate
65
Chronic training adaptations in GH
No change between trained + untrained in the resting levels.
66
Insulin-like growth factors Where are they secreted from?
Liver
67
Insulin-like growth factors What stimulates their secretion?
Effects of GH
68
What is the IGF-1 responsible for?
Stimulating cartilage growth, myoblast differentiation ⬇️ lipolysis ⬆️ glucose use , glycogen synthesis, aa transport into cell, protein synthesis, collagen synthesis
69
Why has it been found hard to assess the importance of chronic changes in resting 'anabolic hormone' levels?
Due to levels being effected by: - Time of day - Proximity to last training session - Quantity of muscle mass
70
What does a chronic increase in testosterone lead to?
⬆️ in LDL cholesterol == Potentially unhealthy
71
What is hypogonadism?
When the gonads prod little or no sex hormones.
72
Do anabolic hormones increase or decrease in response to RESISTANCE exercise?
INCREASE
73
List some training recommendations that cause a bigger acute increase in 'anabolic hormones'
Large muscle group exercises Heavy resistance (85-100% of 1RPM) Mod to high vol (multiple sets) Short rest (30s-1min) Training freq (2+ sessions/week) Diet - protein, CHO + caffeine ⬆️ 2+yrs of resistance training
74
What does recent data suggest about the acute responses of anabolic hormones to resistance exercise?
That they're not necessary for hypertrophy + don't dictate gains in muscle mass + strength w/ resistance exercise.
75
What is current thinking?
Muscle building following resistance exercise has an intrinsic (in muscle cell), not systemic, mechanistic basis.

Strength & Conditioning (7 decks)

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