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Strength & Conditioning > Endocrine Responses to Resistance Training > Flashcards

Endocrine Responses to Resistance Training Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system differ from the exocrine system?

A

Endocrine uses glands rather than ducts.

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2
Q

Some differences between the endocrine + nervous system

A

Endocrine communicates more slowly but the effects are long lasting.

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3
Q

Define the endocrine system

A

Collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried to a distant target organ.

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4
Q

Define a hormone

A

Regulatory substance prod in an organism + transported in biological tissue +/or fluids to stimulate specific cell/tissue types into a specific action.

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5
Q

What are hormones involved in the regulation of?

A

Digestion/absorption

Growth

Metabolism

Excretion

Locomotion

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6
Q

Endocrine hormone

A

Hormone enters general circulation

Acts on target cells in another body part

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7
Q

Autocrine hormones

A

Hormone acts on cell that prod it

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8
Q

Paracrine hormone

A

Hormone acts on adjacent cells to the prod cells

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9
Q

Hormonal amplification

A

Some hormones need to be triggered by the action of different hormones to be released.

At each stage the production is amplified.

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones?

A

Steroid

Peptide

Amine

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11
Q

What are steroid hormones made from?

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones

A

Testosterone

Oestrogens

Cortisones

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13
Q

How do steroid hormones transport themselves?

A

Diff through cell membrane + attach to receptor w/in cell

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14
Q

What are peptide hormones made from?

A

Multiple aa

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15
Q

Give examples of peptide hormones

A

Insulin

IGF

Growth hormone

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16
Q

How do peptide hormones transport themselves?

A

Attach to target receptor on cell membrane

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17
Q

What are the amine hormones made from?

A

Single aa

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18
Q

How do amine hormones transport themselves?

A

Attach to target receptor on cell membrane

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19
Q

Examples of amine hormones

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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20
Q

Process of how STEROID hormones work

A
  1. Enter cell
  2. Binds to specific receptor in cytoplasm or in nucleus.
  3. Hormone-receptor complex activates cells DNA to form mRNA.
  4. mRNA leaves nucleus
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis in cytoplasm.
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21
Q

Process of how NON-STEROID hormones work

A

Can’t pass through cell membrane so:

  1. Binds to specific receptor on cell membrane.
  2. Hormone-receptor complex activates adenylate cyclase w/in cell.
  3. Adenylate cyclase forms cAMP.
  4. cAMP activates protein kinases that lead to cellular changes + hormonal effects.
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22
Q

Release of steroid hormones

A

As soon as they’re produced

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23
Q

Release of peptide + amine hormones

A

Prod in advance + stored in vesicles + later release

epinephrine stored in adrenal medulla

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24
Q

Primary site of production for insulin hormone

A

Pancreas

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25
Q

Primary site of production for glucagon hormone

A

Pancreas

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26
Q

Primary site of production for testosterone hormone

A

Testes

Ovaries

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27
Q

Primary site of production for growth hormone

A

Pituitary gland

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28
Q

Primary site of production for Oxytocin hormone

A

pituitary gland

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29
Q

Primary site of production for ADH hormone

A

pituitary gland

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30
Q

Primary site of production for adrenaline/epinephrine hormone

A

Adrenal medulla

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31
Q

Primary site of production for leptin hormone

A

Adipose tissue

32
Q

Primary site of production for progesterone hormone

33
Q

Primary site of production for EPO hormone

34
Q

Major physiological functions from the insulin hormone

A

Stimulates:

  • Glucose uptake
  • Glucose oxidation
  • Glycogen storage

Suppresses:
- Lipolysis

35
Q

Major physiological functions from the glucagon hormone

A

⬇️ glucose uptake

Stimulates glycogenolysis + lipolysis

36
Q

Major physiological functions from the testosterone hormone

A

Control of growth

Sperm production

Sex drive

37
Q

Major physiological functions from the growth hormone

A

Cell reproduction

Stimulates glycogenolysis

Stimulates lipolysis

38
Q

Major physiological functions from the oxytocin hormone

A

Stimulates contraction during labour + milk prod

39
Q

Major physiological functions from the ADH hormone

A

Stimulates H20 retention

40
Q

Major physiological functions from the leptin hormone

A

Suppresses appetite

41
Q

Why is it important to have hormonal amplification with exercise?

A

Fluid vol shifts = More cellular H20, less blood H20 = amplified endocrine effect from blood borne hormones

Blood flow re-distribution = ⬆️ hormones delivered to working muscles

⬆️ CO = clearance of hormones through other tissues allows quicker delivery to muscle tissue.

42
Q

Hormones around before resistance exercise

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

43
Q

Hormones around during resistance exercise

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

Growth hormone

Testosterone

44
Q

Hormones around after resistance exercise

A

Growth hormone

Testosterone

IGF-1

Insulin (nutrition mediated)

45
Q

Where is 95% of Testosterone prod from in males?

What about the other 5%?

A

Leydig cells in testes

5% by adrenals

46
Q

How long does steroidegenesis take?

A

~35 minutes

47
Q

Testosterone prod pathway

A

In response to hypothalamus releasing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH):

Pituitary gland prod LH which travels in blood stream to testes/ovaries to stimulate the prod + release of T.

48
Q

How does testosterone work?

A

Passively diff across sarcolemma of muscle fibre.

Binds w/ receptor to form hormone-receptor complex (H-RC).

H-RC arrives to genetic material in nucleus, “opens” it to expose transcriptional units coding for the synthesis of specific proteins.

49
Q

When does serum testosterone increase?

A

With acute exercise

50
Q

How long after exercise do testosterone levels return to baseline?

51
Q

Acute effects of testosterone on muscle tissue

A

Stimulates prod of NT = ⬆️ force

Facilitates Ca2+ release from sarcolemma = ⬆️ force

52
Q

Where is the growth hormone secreted by?

A

Pituitary gland

53
Q

What does the growth hormone interact with?

A

Bone

Immune cells

Skeletal muscle

Fat cells

Liver tissue

54
Q

What does the growth hormone (GH) stimulate the liver to do?

55
Q

What is the growth hormone regulated by?

A

Neuroendocrine fb mechanisms

56
Q

What is the growth hormone mediated by?

A

Secondary hormones (IGF-1)

57
Q

Modifying factors to the growth hormone

A

Stress

Fitness

Diet

Age

Gender

Adiposity

Injury

58
Q

How is the growth hormone released?

A

In a pulsatile fashion throughout the day

59
Q

When is the growth hormone secreted the most?

A

When asleep

60
Q

When is the growth hormone conc higher in the menstrual cycle?

A

in late follicular phase

61
Q

F or M have higher blood levels of the growth hormone?

62
Q

What does exercise do the Growth hormone production?

A

Stimulates it

63
Q

What does longer duration exercise cause for growth hormone production

A

More GH made

64
Q

What in the blood stimulates GH as a response of exercise

A

Increased blood lactate

65
Q

Chronic training adaptations in GH

A

No change between trained + untrained in the resting levels.

66
Q

Insulin-like growth factors

Where are they secreted from?

67
Q

Insulin-like growth factors

What stimulates their secretion?

A

Effects of GH

68
Q

What is the IGF-1 responsible for?

A

Stimulating cartilage growth, myoblast differentiation

⬇️ lipolysis

⬆️ glucose use , glycogen synthesis, aa transport into cell, protein synthesis, collagen synthesis

69
Q

Why has it been found hard to assess the importance of chronic changes in resting ‘anabolic hormone’ levels?

A

Due to levels being effected by:

  • Time of day
  • Proximity to last training session
  • Quantity of muscle mass
70
Q

What does a chronic increase in testosterone lead to?

A

⬆️ in LDL cholesterol

== Potentially unhealthy

71
Q

What is hypogonadism?

A

When the gonads prod little or no sex hormones.

72
Q

Do anabolic hormones increase or decrease in response to RESISTANCE exercise?

73
Q

List some training recommendations that cause a bigger acute increase in ‘anabolic hormones’

A

Large muscle group exercises

Heavy resistance (85-100% of 1RPM)

Mod to high vol (multiple sets)

Short rest (30s-1min)

Training freq (2+ sessions/week)

Diet - protein, CHO + caffeine ⬆️

2+yrs of resistance training

74
Q

What does recent data suggest about the acute responses of anabolic hormones to resistance exercise?

A

That they’re not necessary for hypertrophy + don’t dictate gains in muscle mass + strength w/ resistance exercise.

75
Q

What is current thinking?

A

Muscle building following resistance exercise has an intrinsic (in muscle cell), not systemic, mechanistic basis.

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