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EPPP > Physiology & Psychopharm > Flashcards

Physiology & Psychopharm Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

involved in muscle contraction
REM sleep
Memory

Ass. with Myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer

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2
Q

Dopamine

A

regulation of voluntary movement
reinforcement of stimulants
mood
ass. with Schizophrenia, Parkinson, Tourette’s, Huntington’s

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3
Q

Norepinephrine

A

mood, attention, dreaming, learning, fight or flight

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4
Q

Serotonin

A

involved in body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, aggression, mood, sleep, arousal

high levels: Schizophrenia, ASD, Anorexia
low levels: aggression, depression, suicide, bulimia, OCD, PTSD, mania

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5
Q

GABA

A

(inhibitory neuro.)
motor control, vision, anxiety, sleep, eating, seizures
ass. with Huntingtons Disease (Basal Ganglia), epilepsy

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6
Q

Glutamate

A

(excitatory neurotransmitter.)
learning and memory (hippocampus), forming long-term memories

excitotoxicity –> seizures, Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s

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7
Q

Endorphins

A

inhibitory neuromodulators decrease sensitivity of post-synaptic neurons to neurotransmitters;
runner’s high;
control of emotions, memory, learning, & sexual behaviors

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8
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

autoimmune disorder that attacks Acetylcholine —> weak skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Divisons of Nervous System

A

Central and Peripheral

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10
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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11
Q

Spinal Cord

A

carries info from brain to peripheral

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12
Q

Parts of the Spinal Cord

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal

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13
Q

Quadriplegia

A

damage to spinal cord in cervical area

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14
Q

Paraplegia

A

damage to spinal cord in thoracic area

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15
Q

Peripheral

A

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

sensory nerves carry info from sensory receptors to CNS
motor neurons that carry info from CNS to skeletal muscles
voluntary movement

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17
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

involuntary!

sympathetic & parasympathetic system

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18
Q

Sympathetic

A

arousal & expenditure of energy, fight or flight

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19
Q

Parasympathetic

A

conservation of energy, bringing person down

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20
Q

Development of CNS

A
  1. Proliferation
  2. Migration
  3. Differentiation
  4. Myelination
  5. Synaptogenesis
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21
Q

Neuroimaging Techniques

A

provide info on structure & function of the brain

structural or functional

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22
Q

Structural Neuroimaging Techniques

A

provide Information about the physical structure

Ex. CT, MRI, CAT

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23
Q

CT

A

uses x-rays to capture images of horizontal slices of the brain

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24
Q

MRI

A

has better resolution, produce cross-sectional images, using magnetic & radio waves

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25
Q

CAT

A

horizontal skies of brain

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26
Q

Functional Imaging

A

provides Information about brain activity

Ex. PET, fMRI, SPECT

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27
Q

PET

A

provides info about blood flow, glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption

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28
Q

fMRI

A

provides info about brain activity

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29
Q

EGG

A

provides info about electrical activity

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30
Q

Brain Anatomy

A

Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain

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31
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum

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32
Q

Medulla

A

involved in swallowing, coughing, sneezing, breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure
controls flow of info from spinal cord to and from the brain
Damage= fatal

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33
Q

Pons

A

integrate movement in R/L side

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34
Q

Cerebellum

A

involved in balance, learning procedural movement, refine movements, timing coordinated movements, procedural MEMORY

damage –> ataxia

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35
Q

ataxia

A

slurred speech, loss of balance

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36
Q

Midbrain

A

Superior/ Inferior colliculi, substantia nigra, reticular formation, reticular activating system

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37
Q

superior/inferior colliculi

A

routes for visual/auditory info

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38
Q

substantia nigra

A

brain rewards system; production of dopamine; movement

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39
Q

reticular activating system

A

involved in consciousness, arousal, wakefulness, reflexive reactions, cardiovascular activity

plays a role in ADHD & Schizophrenia

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40
Q

Forebrain

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, Cerebral Cortex

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41
Q

Thalamus

A

motor, language, memory (declarative memory), transmitting sensory information (except olfaction) to cortex

ass. with Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

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42
Q

Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome

A

due to chronic alcoholism
involves thiamine deficiency & atrophy of neurons
associated with the thalamus

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43
Q

Hypothalamus

A

hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, temperature, emotional reactions, hormones, HOMEOSTASIS

includes suprachiasmatic nucleus & maxillary bodies

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44
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

part of the hypothalamus;

meditates sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythms)

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45
Q

mammillary bodies

A

part of hypothalamus;
involved in learning & memory;
damage –> anterograde amnesia

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46
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

involved in planning & organizing voluntary movements (works alongside cerebellum)

includes: caudate nucelus, putamen, globus pallidus in forebrain, and substantia nigra in midbrain (Can Nancy Play Golf Please)

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47
Q

Disorders associated with Basal Ganglia

A

Parkinsons, Huntingtons, Tourette’s, OCD, ADHD, Schizophrenia, Akinesia, Hyperkinesia

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48
Q

Limbic System

A

memory & emotions; motivation;

includes: amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex

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49
Q

Amgydala

A

emotional activities, attaching emotion to memories; processes odors

Kluver-Bucky Syndrome, GAD, Panic Disorder, PTSD, Depression

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50
Q

Kluver-Bucky Syndrome

A

involves decreased fear and aggression, increased compulsive behaviors, hyper sexuality, psychic blindness

due to bilateral lesions

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51
Q

Hippocampus

A

learning & memories, spatial, visual, & verbal info, consolidating of declarative memories, explicit memories

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52
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

attention, emotion, experience of pain

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53
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

divided in to left & right hemispheres connected by corpus callosum

contralateral representation!

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54
Q

Contralateral Representation

A

brain processes Information on the opposite side except for olfaction & visual (stimuli goes to opposite side of each eye)

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55
Q

Left (Dominant) Hemisphere

A

written, spoken language; logical thinking, rational thought, positive emotions

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56
Q

Right (non-dominant) Hemisphere

A

facial recognition; creativity, nonverbal memory, negative emotions

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57
Q

Lobes of cerebral cortex

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, & temporal

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58
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

composed of primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca’s area, prefrontal cortex

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59
Q

Broca’s Area

A

responsible for production of speech

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60
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

expressive aphasia; non-fluent
difficulties in production of spoken and written language; poor articulation, stress conjunctions;
anomia

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61
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

involved in emotions, memory, attention, executive functions

dorsolateral area (working memory), orbitofrontal area, and mediofrontal area

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62
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

somatosensory cortex

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63
Q

Apraxia

A

results from damage to parietal lobe

inability to perform skilled motor movements

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64
Q

tactile agnosia

A

inability to recognize items by touching them

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65
Q

asomatognosia

A

inability to recognize own body parts

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66
Q

anosognosia

A

unable to recognize own disorder

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67
Q

Grestmann’s Syndrome

A

finger agnosia, agraphia, acalculia; right-left confusion

lesions in dominant parietal lobe hemisphere

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68
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

auditory cortex & Wernicke’s area

involved in long-term declarative memories; codes, stores, & retrieves memories; language; auditory processing

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69
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Receptive Aphasia;

deficits in language comprehension, impaired reproduction but fluent output

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70
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

includes visual cortex: visual perception & memory

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71
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar faces;

due to lesions at junction of fusiform gyrus of occipital lobe

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72
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

(Young-Helmholtz)

there’s three cones: red, blue, green

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73
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

(Hering)
bipolar receptors: red-green, yellow-blue, white-black
-thalamus (transmits sensory input)
-negative afterimages

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74
Q

Color Blindness

A

carried in X chromosome, higher in men> women

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75
Q

color constancy

A

ability to recognize color of an object despite changes in lighting

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76
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

when too much info is received, cells in spinal cord block some pain signals

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77
Q

Synethesia

A

stimulation of one sensory area triggers another one

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78
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of relationship b/w physical stimuli magnitudes & psychological sensations

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79
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum stimulus that leads to a sensation

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80
Q

Difference Threshold

A

minimum stimuli increment needed to recognize discrepancy in two stimuli

AKA: just noticeable difference

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81
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the higher the intensity of stimulus, the higher the increase in stimuli required for JND

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82
Q

Fetcher’s Law

A

physical stimulus changes= log function related to psychological sensations

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83
Q

Steven’s Power Law

A

exponential function of stimuli intensity

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84
Q

Hippocampus is Associated with what disorder?

A

Alzheimers

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85
Q

Damage to Thalamus

A

leads to retrograde & anterograde amnesia

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86
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

inability to recall previously learned information

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87
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

inability to recall new information

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88
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

Occurs in hippocampus;
greater responsively of postsynaptic neuron to low intensity stimulation by pre-synaptic neuron after presynaptic neuron has had high frequency stimulation

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89
Q

Anomia

A

inability to name common objects

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90
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

associative aphasia;
damage to arcuate fasciculus;
results in anomia, paraphasia, and inability to repeat simple words or phrases;
does not affect language comprehension

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91
Q

Transcortical Aphasia

A

results from lesions outside Broca/ Wernicke’s area

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92
Q

James-Lounge Theory of Emotion

A

physical reactions to stimuli –> emotion

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93
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

emotional & bodily reactions occur at the same time as a result of thalamic stimulation;
bodily reactions are similar for many emotions

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94
Q

Achromatopsia

A

condition where person is without color vision

due to damage to occipitotemporal area or dysfunction of cone cells

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95
Q

Agnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar objects or sounds

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96
Q

Akathisia

A

inability to sit or stand still; uncomfortable sense of restlessness

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97
Q

Akinesia

A

complete or almost complete loss of movement

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98
Q

Anosognosia

A

failure to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms

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99
Q

Aphasia

A

disturbance in previously acquired language skills

100
Q

Apraxia

A

inability to carry out purposeful movements despite normal muscle power and control

101
Q

Asomatognosia

A

inability to recognize parts of one’s own body

102
Q

Ataxia

A

incoordination, clumsiness, lack of balance

103
Q

Athetosis

A

slow writhing involuntary movements

associated with Huntington’s

104
Q

Bradykinesia

A

slowness of movement

105
Q

Chorea

A

irregular, involuntary, rapid jerky movements that usually occur in the face, mouth, limbs, and trunk

106
Q

Dyskinesia

A

abnormal muscle movement including twitchy, jerky, and writhing movements (types of dyskinesia include chorea, tics, tremors)

107
Q

Dysprosody

A

disturbance in the stress, pitch, and rhythm of speech

108
Q

Parkinsonism

A

mask- like face, hand tremor, increasing rigidity, slowed voluntary movement

109
Q

Paresthesia

A

altered sensation in the skin that causes numbness or tingling

(pins and needles sensation)

110
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar faces

111
Q

Synesthesia

A

condition where one modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality

112
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

repetitive oral and facial grimaces, tongue movements, spasms of the neck and head, jerky movements of the limbs and trunk

113
Q

Hemiplegia

A

paralysis that affects one side of the body due to incomplete spinal cord injury

114
Q

ascending reticular activating system

A

found in the reticular formation

responsible for: Awareness, Arousal, & Attention

115
Q

Contralateral Neglect

A

denial of opposite side of body & environment of the side of parietal lobe that is damaged;
most often it’s damage to right lobe

116
Q

color anomia

A

inability to name colors

117
Q

color agnosia

A

inability to pair particular colors with specific object

118
Q

olfaction

A

ipsilatera;

goes straight to amygdala

119
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of nerve fibers that connect hemispheres & allow them to pass information

120
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

long-term memory depends on protein synthesis during period following learning; requires pretense of RNA

121
Q

Global Aphasia

A

non-fluent aphasia;
widespread injury in Broca, Wernicke & other areas;
decreased ability to produce & comprehend language, deficits in expressive & receptive language

122
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

mediated by adrenal & pituitary gland; way of responding to stress

3 stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

123
Q

Alarm Reaction

A

hypothalamus activates the adrenal medulla to increase its release of
epinephrine (adrenaline) –> increase body’s glucose level and heart and respiration
rates –> increasing the body’s energy level

124
Q

Resistance Stage

A

w/ continued stress, hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release ACTH –> activates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol –>.maintains high blood glucose levels & increases metabolism of fats & proteins

125
Q

Exhaustion

A

w/ prolonged stress;
Pituitary gland and adrenal cortex lose their ability to maintain elevated
hormone levels, and physiological processes begin to break down –> Fatigue, depression and illness

126
Q

Excessive production of cortisol

A

surpasses the immune system

127
Q

Stage 1 of Non-REM Sleep

A

state of relaxation & light sleep;

alpha waves –> theta waves

128
Q

Stage 2 Non-REM

A

deeper state of sleep;

theta waves & periodically sleep spindles & K complexities

129
Q

Stage 3 Non-REM sleep

A

theta –> delta waves (higher amplitude, lower frequency)

130
Q

Stage 4 non-REM

A

deep sleep stage; Delta waves

difficult to awaken a person

131
Q

Stage 5

A

REM sleep; deep state of sleep; difficult to awaken

vivid & elaborate dreams

132
Q

Older Adults and Sleep

A

awaken more during the night;
spend more time in stage 1 & 2;
phase shift: go to sleep & wake up earlier

133
Q

Infants and Sleep

A

spend about 50% of time sleeping in REM sleep during infancy
30% of time in REM by 6 months

134
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

A

injury to the brain that is caused by external force & involves impairments in cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and/or physical functioning

135
Q

Good indicator of TBI recovery

A

duration of post-traumatic amnesia;

shorter the duration, the better the chances of recovering

136
Q

Side Effects of TBI

A

anterograde amnesia;
retrograde amnesia (recent more affected > remote)
amnesia involving verbal & explicit memories

137
Q

Post-concussional Disorder

A

involves LOC, amnesia, seizures following head trauma; persisting deficits in attention or memory; & 3+ symptoms (irritability, fatigue, headaches, dizziness, depression, anxiety)

now diagnosed as Major/Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to TBI

138
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident

A

Stroke;

Brian damage caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain

139
Q

Symptoms of Stroke

A

BE FAST

Balance, sudden loss of vision in Eye, Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, Time to call 911

140
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

progressive degenerative disorder of dopamine in substantia nigra);
Tremors & muscle Rigidity, Akinesia, Posture (TRAP);
Akathesia, Bradykinesia
may involve depression (could lead to misdiagnosis)

141
Q

L-dopa

A

dopamine agonist;

helps alleviate symptoms of Parkinson’s in its early stages by increasing levels of dopamine

142
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

inherited degenerative disease; due to autosomal dominant gene;
affective, cognitive, motor symptoms; disordered movement, thinking, and cognition;
uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, & dementia

143
Q

HD linked to abnormalities

A

GABA, Dopamine, and Glutamate in Basal Ganglia;

loss of GABA-secreting neurons & glutamate excitotoxicity

144
Q

Seizure Disorder

A

caused by abnormal discharge of electrical energy by nerve cells in brain that cause aura, LOC, abnormal movement

145
Q

Generalized Seizures

A

no focal onset;
affect both hemispheres;
tonic-clonic seizures & absence seizures

146
Q

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A

grand-mal seizure;
LOC :
-muscles contract & body stiffens (tonic)
-rhythmic shaking (clonic)

person may experience post depression, sleep, confusion, amnesia

147
Q

Absence Seizures

A 
petit mal seizure  
LOC without prominent motor symptoms;
brief duration; 
begin & end abruptly;
blank stare with frequent blinking
148
Q

Partial Seizures

A

begin on one side of brain;

affect one side of body initially

149
Q

Simple Partial Seizures

A

no LOC;

remain localized

150
Q

Complex Partial Seizures

A

some alteration in consciousness;
most often temporal lobe epilepsy (involves: automatisms, hallucinations, alteration in emotion, deja vu, changes in personality, alteration in sexual behavior, pupillary dilation, flushed face)

151
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

schizophrenia is due to elevated levels of Dopamine or oversensitivity to dopamine

152
Q

Catecholamine Hypothesis

A

Little norepinephrine–> Depression

Too much norepinephrine –> Mania

153
Q

Agonists

A

produce a response similar to the effects of the neurotransmitter

direct & indirect

154
Q

Direct Agonists

A

exert their effects by mimicking the effect of neurotransmitters at the receptor site

155
Q

Indirect Agonists

A

attach to a binding site on a receptor cell & facilitate the action of the neurotransmitter

156
Q

Partial Agonists

A

produce a response that’s similar to but less than the neurotransmitter

157
Q

Inverse Agonists

A

produce a response that’s the opposite the response produced by a neurotransmitter or an agonist

158
Q

Antagonists

A

produce no activity on their own, but reduce or block the effects of a neurotransmitter (prevent something from happening);
receptor blocker

Direct or indirect

159
Q

Direct Antagonist

A

exert their effects by attaching to the receptor site

160
Q

Indirect Antagonist

A

exert effects by attaching to site other than the one used by neurotransmitter

161
Q

Curare

A

muscle relaxant used in anesthesia;

causes paralysis & exerts effects by acting as a direct antagonist at ACh receptor sites

162
Q

Older Adults & Drugs

A

start slow & go slow

163
Q

Minorities & Drugs

A

for African Americans and Asians, begin with a low dose & move up until desired effects are reached

164
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Traditional & Atypical

165
Q

Traditional Antipsychotic

A

black dopamine receptors;
more effective for positive symptoms;
SE: anticholinergic symptoms, extrapyramidal effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Ex. chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, haloperidol

166
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Traditional Antipsychotic

167
Q

Haloperidol

A

Traditional Antipsychotic;

exerts the most severe extrapyramidal effects

168
Q

Anticholinergic symptoms

A

dry mouth, blurry vision, rapid heart beat, constipation, urinary retention

169
Q

Extrapyramidal Side Effects

A

Parkinsonism;
akathisia;
acute dystonia;
tardive dyskinesia

170
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

serious extrapyramidal side effect that involves uncontrollable movements of lip, mouth, tongue, torso, limbs;
can be alleviated by slowing withdrawing drug or with GABA agonist

171
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

A

rare but fatal (STOP amd. drug)

involves muscle rigidity, tachycardia, fever, alter state of consciousness

172
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

affect Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate, Norepinephrine;
alleviate + and - symptoms;
less likely to produce tardive dyskinesia & extrapyramidal side effects; slower onset
SE: anticholinergic effects, lowered seizure threshold, sedation, akathisia, agranulocytosis, NMS
Ex: risperidone

173
Q

Risperidone

A

atypical antipsychotic;

may produce tar dive dyskinesia but not agranulocytosis

174
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

sudden decrease in white blood cell and other blood dycrasias

175
Q

clozapine

A

atypical antipsychotic

176
Q

thioridazine

A

traditional antipsychotic;

causes TD

177
Q

Antidepressants

A

SSRI, MAOIs, TCAs

178
Q

SSRI

A

block reuptake of serotonin;
SE: Insomnia, anorexia, headaches, sexual dysfunction, Gastrointestinal disturbances;
EX: Fluoxetine, Sertraline

179
Q

fluoxetine

A

(Prozac); SSRI

180
Q

Sertraline

A

Zoloft; SSRI

181
Q

Advantages of SSRI > TCA

A

less cardio toxic;
less likely to produce cognitive symptoms & anticholinergic effects;
more rapid onset (2-4wks)

182
Q

TCA

A

useful for typical depression (loss of interest & vegetative symptoms);
block reuptake of NE, S, D, Histamine receptors (drowsiness)
SE: anticholinergic effects, gastrointestinal, tremor, confusion, memory problems, impaired sexual functioning, cardio toxic
EX: Doxepin, Clomipramine, Imipramine

183
Q

Doxepin

A

TCA; sinequan

184
Q

imipramine

A

Tofranil; TCA

185
Q

Clomipramine

A

Anafranil; TCA

186
Q

MAOIs

A

clock monoamine oxidase action which increases amount of NE & S at the synapse
effective for atypical depressions (phobic features, increased appetite, hypersomnia)
SE: anticholinergic, insomnia, headaches confusion, sexual dysfunction, tremor, hypertensive crisis

187
Q

Hypertensive Crisis

A

symptoms: occipital headaches, stiff neck, nausea, sweating, high blood pressure & chest pain;

occurs when taking MAOI alongside drugs (amphetamine or antihistamine) or with food containing TYRAMINE;
seek immediate medical attention

188
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A

Lithium & Anticonvulsant Drugs

189
Q

Lithium

A

reduces manic symptoms & levels out mood swings

SE: nausea, excessive thirst & urination, confusion, disorientation, fine hand tremor, lithium toxicity

190
Q

Lithium Toxicity

A

symptoms: vomiting, confusion, slurred speech, sedation;

lithium & sodium levels must be monitored

191
Q

Anticonvulsant Drugs

A

carbamazepine & valproic acid

192
Q

Carbamazepine

A

anticonvulsant drug used to treat atypical bipolar;

SE: lethargy, tremor, ataxia, visual disturbances

193
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

anxiolytic tranquilizers used for anxiety, insomnia, seizures;
increase GABA levels
SE: drowsiness & sedation, lethargy, confusion, ataxia, addictive, super additive effect
Ex: Alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam

194
Q

Abrupt cessation of Benzos

A

seizures, depersonalization, panic, stroke

195
Q

Beta-Blockers

A

block receptors that respond to E & NE;
used for hypertension, migraine, glaucoma, high blood pressure, physical symptoms of anxiety;
SE: bradycardia, hypotension, sexual dysfunction, memory impairment, depression
*should not be discontinued abruptly
EX: propranolol

196
Q

Psychostimulants

A

mimic/ increase activity of NE or D
Used: ADHD
EX: methylphenidate (Ritalin) , adderall

197
Q

propranolol

A

beta-blocker

198
Q

methylphenidate

A

Psychostimulant; Ritalin
SE: dysphoria, insomnia, decreased apetite, tics (be wary of family history of tics), OCD symptoms, growth suppression (alleviated through drug holidays)
*paradoxical effects in people that don’t have the disorder but taking the drug makes it appear that they do

199
Q

Ritalin

A

ADHD psychostimulant;

blocks reuptake of Dopamine

200
Q

Melatonin produced

A

by the pineal gland

201
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

somatomotor cortex

202
Q

Somatomotor cortex

A

involved in control of fine movements (ex. moving one finger at a time)

203
Q

receptor blocker

A

antagonist

204
Q

Papez’s Circuit

A

mediates experience & expression of emotion;

hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of thalamus, & cingulate gyrus

205
Q

Afferent Axons

A

carry sensory information towards central nervous system

206
Q

Efferent Axons

A

carry motor commands to the muscles and glans

207
Q

prevalence of hypertension

A

related to age (older), race (black), & gender (men)

208
Q

conduction

A

process where messages within a neuron are transmitted from a neuron’s dendrites to the end of its axon

209
Q

Benzo’s examples

A

Valium (diazepam)
Ativan (lorazepam)
alprazolam (Xanax)

210
Q

therapeutic drug monitoring

A

practice of optimizing medication regimens by measuring specific drugs at designated intervals

211
Q

Migraine Headache Precipitants

A

menstruation, stress, relaxation after stress, changes in barometric pressure, alcohol, decongestant overuse, certain foods

212
Q

Migraine headache

A

recurrent one-sided headache involving nausea, committing, sensitivity

213
Q

classic migrane

A

starts with aura

214
Q

common migraine

A

no aura

215
Q

cluster headache

A

pain in clusters, usually behind on eye/temple, & occurs one or more per day over 2-3 month period

216
Q

tension headache

A

non-throbbing pain on both sides

217
Q

sinus headache

A

fullness, tension, aches over eyes

218
Q

hypertension

A

silent killer;

if left untreated –> heart failure, kidney failure, & stroke

219
Q

cytogenetic testing

A

examines chromosomes & abnormalities

220
Q

biochemical testing

A

examines proteins instead of the gene

221
Q

molecular testing

A

examines DNA mutations

222
Q

Opioid Side Effects

A

sweating, nausea, & constipation

223
Q

alpha waves

A

sleep pattern: “awake, rested, & relaxed”

224
Q

theta waves

A

deep relaxation & light sleep

225
Q

delta waves

A

deep sleep

226
Q

beta waves

A

alert & fully awake

227
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

used to assess the level of consciousness in individuals with a TBI

3 categories: eye opening, verbal utterances, & motor responses

228
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

degeneration of myelin in brain & spinal cord

two types:

  • relapsing-remitting (80-85%)
  • secondary progressive
229
Q

androgen

A

effective in restoring sexual arousal for women following removal of sex organs/ menopause

230
Q

molecular genetic method

A

used to classify certain genes that influence various behavioral traits

231
Q

quantitative genetic methods

A

used to determine the effect of genetic & environmental factors on individual differences of many traits

232
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

sex-related differences in the brain

233
Q

red-green colorblindness

A

affects 8-10% of male population

234
Q

Pineal gland

A

produces melatonin

235
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) & somatropin (growth) hormone

236
Q

pancreas

A

releases insulin

237
Q

thyroid gland

A

regulate general metabolism by secreting thyroxine

238
Q

meninges

A

membranes that surround the brain & spinal cord

239
Q

mixed transcortical aphasia

A

ability to talk but have nothing to say, inability to understand written & spoken language, & inability to produce automatic responses

240
Q

transcortical motor aphasia

A

(damage to broca’s area);

non-fluent, effortful speech, & anomia

241
Q

transcortical sensory aphasia

A

(lesions in wernicke’s area);

deficits in comprehension, anomia, & fluent but meaningless speech with unimpaired repetition

242
Q

medial preoptic area

A

located in the hypothalamus;

plays a role in male sexual behavior & maternal behavior

243
Q

Gabapentin

A

used to treat chronic pain states, bipolar disorders, dementia, and treating alcohol withdrawal & relapse prevention

244
Q

Efficacy

A

maximum effect obtainable with additional doses producing no additional response

245
Q

physical dependence

A

look to avoid withdrawal symptoms;

drug taken over time & unpleasant physical symptoms occur when drug is suddenly stopped

246
Q

Brian Stem

A

involved in behavioral alerting, attention, & arousal;

depressed by barbiturates

247
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

conditioned response that compels an individual to use a substance

EPPP (11 decks)

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