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Y1 Neuroscience and Mental Health > Physiology/Pharmacology of ANS > Flashcards

Physiology/Pharmacology of ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in the fight/flight reflex?

A

Pupil dilation
Increased HR (more oxygen to muscles)
Increased diameter of bronchiles
Stimulates glucose release to feed muscles
Increased sweat production (prevent overheating)

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2
Q

What results in the fight or flight response?

A

Extreme activation of SNS - it as at work all the time but not at this level

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3
Q

What is the ANS used for?

A

PNS branch divided into:
Sympathetic (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic (rest and digrest)
Balance of PSNS and SNS determine state of organs

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4
Q

What is the PSNS used for?

A 
Innervates facial and visceral organs
Constricts pupils
Stimulates saliva
Bile release
Bladder contraction
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5
Q

What is the SNS used for?

A

Pupil dilation
Salivation inhibition
Bronchi relaxation

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6
Q

What does the cranial nerve III - occulomotor do for PSNS?

A

Pupil constricton

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7
Q

What does the cranial nerve VII Facial do for PSNS?

A

Salivation

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8
Q

What does the cranial nerve IX glossopharyngeal do for PSNS?

A

Salivation

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9
Q

What does the cranial nerve X vagus do for PSNS?

A

bradycardia
gastric motility
Digestion

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10
Q

Where are the SNS and PSNS ganglia found?

A

SNS ganglia outside organ
PSNS ganglia inside organ - vagus nerve emerges from brainstem to directly innervate the target organ where ganglia do occur

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11
Q

What neurotransmitters do presympathetic neurones respond to?

A

Glutamic

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12
Q

What neurotransmitters do preganglionic neurones respond to?

A

Cholinergic

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13
Q

What neurotransmitters do sweat glands use?

A

Acetylcholine as end neurotransmitter

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14
Q

What neurotransmitters do postganglionic neurones respond to?

A

Noradrenaline

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15
Q

What neurotransmitters do renal vessels use?

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter does the adrenal medulla use?

A

Does not use sympathetic ganglia
Uses acetylcholine
Subsequently releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline to the bloodstream to target effector organ

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17
Q

Where do postganglionic fibres run from?

A

From ganglia to visceral effectors

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18
Q

Were do fibres in spinal cord run?

A

Presympathetic/preautonomic neurones that synapse to neurones in the cord that run to the vertebral chain (pre-ganglionic)

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19
Q

What neurotransmitter does the somatic NS use?

A

Glutamate in cord

Second neurone synapsing to muscles using ACh

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20
Q

How is noradrenaline made?

A

L-phenylalanine - L-tyrosine - L-DOPA - Dopamine (cytoplasm) then in vesicles converted into noradrenaline

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21
Q

How is ACh made?

A

Acetate + choline using choline acetyltransferase to produce ACh
broken down by acetylcholinesterase

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22
Q

Where is the intermediolateral cell column?

A

Found T1-L3

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23
Q

What happens at the intermediolateral cell column?

A

Target of presympathetic neurones
Where sympathetic neurones eminate from
Travelling to the sympathetic ganglia outside of the cord, synapsing to post ganglionic neurones

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24
Q

Where are the baroreceptors that respond to mechanical pressure found? What nerves do they travel by?

A 
In aorta (vagus nerve)
Carotid arteries (glossopharangeal nerve)
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25
What happens in baroreceptors once the blood pressure threshold is reached?
Aortic baroreceptors send impulses down vagus afferents to brain, causing impulses down vagus efferents to decrease stroke volume and hence output while also causing vasodilation to decrease pressure
26
What happens to the set point of normal blood pressure in hypertensive patients
It moves to a point to the right | Higher set point for normal blood pressure
27
Where to sensory inputs enter the brain in a cephalic response (GI)
enter hypothalamus for direction to brainstem
28
What happens after sensory inputs enter in cephalic response (GI)
pancreas releases small amout insulin in anticipation of increased glucose Stomach also secretes gastric juices in response to vagal stimulation
29
How does your stomach tell your brain you have eaten
Mechanoreceptors detect stomach wall distention sending info via vagus nerve to brainstem to alert brain that you have eaten. The degree of distention leads to proportional firing
30
How does your brain get told to stop eating?
GLP-1, PYY and CCK are released from GI tract to activate chemoreceptors to signal brain to stop eating via vagus nerve
31
What nervous system problem can lead to obesity?
Decrease of response from mechanoreceptors for a given pressure and loss of satiety hormone receptors When hungry the vagus does not express satiety hormone receptors eg PYY but they are expressed when eating
32
What makes up the central respiratory centre in the brain?
Pontine resp centre (rate and pattern) in pons Ventral (coordinating rhythmicity) Dorsal (inspiration and diaphragm control) ^groups in medulla make it up
33
What detects oxygen, pH and CO2 levels in the blood?
Aortic chemoreceptors transmit down vagus nerve and carotid chemoreceptors transmit down 9th cranial nerve
34
What do central chemoreceptors do?
Respond to decreased pH and increased CO2
35
What do all chemoreceptors communicate with to increase respiration
dorsal group of medulla
36
How is overexpansion inhibited in the lungs?
Mechanoreceptors in lung stretched Transmit down vagus nerve Inhibit respiration Prevent overexpansion in the hering breuer reflec
37
What do mechanoreceptors communicate with to decrease respiration?
Dorsal group of medulla
38
What spinal levels ar ethe accessory muscles found?
C1-3
39
What spinal levels are the diaphragm controls found?
C3-5
40
What spinal levels are the intercostals found?
T1-11
41
What spinal levels are abdominals found?
T6-L1
42
What does doxazosin do?
Alpha1 receptor antagonist causing smooth muscle dilation
43
What does medotomidine do?
Alpha2 receptor antagonist to decrease NA release
44
What does atenolol do?
Beta1 receptor antagonist to decrease HR
45
What does salbutamol do?
Beta2 receptor agonist to relax smooth muscle
46
What are the SNS receptors?
Uses adrenoreceptors as post synaptic receptors; alpha and beta subtypes. Alpha has alpha 1 (a/b/c) and alpha 2 (a/b/c. Beta has beta 1 and beta 2
47
What are the PSNS receptors?
Uses cholinoreceptors - nicotinic ACh and muscarinic
48
What are two cholinergic drugs?
Atropine | Tubocurarine
49
What does atropine do?
Competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist - changes HR
50
What does tubocurarine do?
Nicotinic receptor antagonist - also used as NMJ so would paralyse muscles
51
What are nicotinic receptors
Ionotropic receptor present in all autonomic ganglia | ACh binding = non-specific cation influx (Na+/K+)
52
What are muscarinic receptors
G protein coupled receptors stimulated by all post ganglionic PNS neurones; binding to external site of GPCR triggers downstream components
53
What are adrenergic receptors
Working on adrenaline or noradrenaline | All GPCRs, alpha 1 and 2, beta 1 and 2
54
Where are adrenergic alpha 1 receptors located? What do they do?
On most effector organs to cause smooth muscle contraction
55
Where are adrenergic alpha 2 receptors located? What do they do?
Present on presynaptic neurones to limit NA release to synapse
56
Where are adrenergic beta 1 receptors located? What do they do?
Found exclusively on the heart to increase cardiac output
57
Where are adrenergic beta 2 receptors found? What do they do?
Relax smooth muscle on noradrenaline synapses
58
What is shy-drager syndrome?
Synucleopathy - associated with loss of intermediolateral cell bodies and striatonigral brain areas Multiple system atrophy
59
What are the symptoms of shy drager syndrome?
``` Orthostatic hypotension Impotence dry mouth urinary retention incontinence ```
60
What is primary hypotension?
Exaggerated sympathetic nerve activity on blood vessels and renal beds leads to increased circulating volume and vascular tone
61
What is heart failure?
Inability to pump sufficient blood to meet oxygen demand | Associated with increased sympathetic nerve activity to renal bed leading to hypervolaemia and hypernatraemia
62
What is an early sign of parkinsons disease?
Autonomic dysfunction
63
What could be reasons for parkinsons disease?
Vagus nerve affected | May be GI derived virus
64
What does clonidine do?
Bind to alpha 2 receptor blocking NA release from presynaptic neurones
65
What does adrenaline do?
stimulates hepatocytic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to mobilise glucoes in stress
66
What can excess adrenaline lead to?
Hyperglycaemia and polyuria
67
What does high NA in plasma with clonidine use show?
NA comes from a source that isnt the nervous system

Y1 Neuroscience and Mental Health (10 decks)

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