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Y1 Neuroscience and Mental Health > Nervous System Cells > Flashcards

Nervous System Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurones

A

Processing unit, generates and conducts electrical signals. Most complex cell structure in the body

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2
Q

What is special about the organelles in the neurone?

A

Large nucleus with prominant nucleolus. Abundant rough ER with well developed golgi (lots of processes need proteins) Abundant mitochondria (lots of metabolic reactions), highly organised cytoskeleton due to it’s size

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3
Q

What are dendrites

A

Major area of reception of incoming information, they receive the majority of synapses and increase SA of neurone

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4
Q

What do dendrites look like

A

They spread from cell body and branch frequently, they often have spines called protrusions

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5
Q

What are the dendritic spines?

A

The most plastic element of nervous system and are in response to learning and stimuli. Can be destroyed eg XS alcohol

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6
Q

What is the axon

A

Conducts impulses away from cell body, there is one per cell

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7
Q

What does the axon look like?

A

It emerges out of the axon hillock and may branch after leaving cell body. It has prominent microtubules and neurofilaments. Also contains intermediate filaments that are myelinated and unmyelinated.

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8
Q

What happens to the diameter of dendrites as they leave the cell body

A

They get thinner

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9
Q

How does the diameter of axons change as they leave cell body

A

Stays the same diameter

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10
Q

What do the nodes of ranvier do

A

Allow saltatory conduction and boost electrical signals

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11
Q

What are purkinje neurones and where are they found?

A

Found in cerebellum. Large inhibitory neurones w/ lots of dendrites w/ spines

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12
Q

What are purkinje neurones for?

A

Fine movement

Some memory and learning

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13
Q

What are the different domains of axons?

A

Juxtaparanode, paranode and node

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14
Q

What is found at the juxtaparanode?

A

K+ channels

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15
Q

What is found at the paranode domain?

A

Where end of myelin attached to axon

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16
Q

What does the node domain in axon contain?

A

No covering at all of myelin sheath

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17
Q

What are the types of synapse are there?

A
  • axodendritic (majority)
  • axosomatic
  • axoaxonic
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18
Q

Which synapses are excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Axodendritic - excitatory
Axosomatic - inhibitory
Axoaxonic - often modulary

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19
Q

What are synaptic structures

A

Specialised mechanisms that allow association of vesicle with plasma membrane

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20
Q

How are synaptic vesicles formed?

A

Packaged into golgi and shipped by fast anterograde transport mechanisms

21
Q

Where are all the different synaptic impulses that neurones receive integrated?

A

Post synaptic neurone - neuronal integration

22
Q

What are subtypes of neurone?

A

Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Golgi type 1 multipolar
Golgi type 2 multipolar

23
Q

Which subtype of neurone is most vulnerable to degeneration?

A

Golgi type 1 multipolar

24
Q

How many axons are found per cell

25
What kind of filaments do axons have?
Microtubules and neurofilaments prominent | Contains abundant intermediate filaments and microtubules
26
What is formed in binding ends of the myelin to the axon?
Tight junctions
27
What are varicosities?
Axon synapses with many smooth muscle cells as it passes - so multiple swellings containing the neurotransmitter called varicosities
28
What is retrograde transport?
Moving vesicles containing various molecules back to the cell body
29
What happens to axons in multiple sclerosis?
If there is restriction in axon - get swellings. The swellings are vesicles of neurotransmitter that keep being transported down the axon and they accumulate because they have no where to go
30
What are bipolar neurones involved in?
White matter of cerebral cortex
31
Do pseudounipolar neurones tend to be sensory or motor neurones? How do they transport signals?
Sensory. The signal received is passed directly to axon terminal without going through soma
32
What do Golgi type 1 multipolar neurones look like?
Highly branched dendritic trees with axons that extend long distances
33
Give examples of golgi type 1 multipolar neurones? (4)
Pyramidal Cells of cerebral cortex Purkinje Cells of cerebellum Anterior Horn Cells of the spinal cord Retinal Ganglion cells
34
What do golgi type II multipolar neurones look like?
Highly branched dendritic trees with short axons that terminate quite lose to the cell body of origin
35
Give an example of golgi type II multipolar neurone
Stellate cells of cerebral cortex and cerebellum
36
What are the 3 groups of functional classification of neurones?
Sensory Neurones Motor Neurones Interneurones - responsible for modification, coordination, integration, facilitation, and inhibition of sensory input
37
What are neuroglia?
Support cells of nervous system eg | astroglia, oligodendroglia, microglia, immature progenitors, ependymal cells, schwann cells, satellite glia
38
What are astroglia functions?
Scaffold for neuronal migration and axon growth during development Formation of blood brain barrier Transport of substances from blood to neurons Segregation of neuronal processes (synapses) Removal of neurotransmitters Synthesis of neurotrophic factors Potassium ion buffering Glial scar formation Neuronal glial and glial neuronal signalling
39
What do astroglia look like
Multiprocessed star shaped neurones with many intermediate filament bundles in the cytoplasm of fibrous astroglia and gap junctions for astroglia-astroglia signalling
40
What are oligodendroglia funtions?
Production and maintenance of myelin sheath, each cell producing 1-40 myelin sheaths
41
What are two main types of oligodendroglia?
Interfascicular - in white matter of CNS | Perineuronal - in gray matter near neuron somata
42
What do oligodendroglia look like?
Small spherial nuclei, with few thin processes and prominent ER and golgi. They are highly metabolically active
43
What is myelin?
Lipid rich insulating material
44
What are two myelin disease states?
``` Multiple sclerosis (loss of myelin due to autoimmune) Adrenoleukodystrophy (progressive loss of myelin) ```
45
What are microglia?
Immune cells of CNS - resident macrophage
46
What are the functions of microglia?
Macrophage Immune surveillance Present antigens to invading immune cells First cells to react to infection or damage Role in tissue remodelling Synaptic stripping
47
Where are microglia developed? And when?
Developed from bone marrow during early development, only cells not derived from the brain
48
What are schwann cells? What function?
Each schwann cell produes one myelin sheath in PNS. Promote axon regeneration Wrap around nerve axon rather than wrapping a process around the axon

Y1 Neuroscience and Mental Health (10 decks)

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