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Y1 Neuroscience and Mental Health > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A column of nervous tissue protected by a vertebral column

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2
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

A stack of vertebra to allow movement with opening in the middle for chord; nerves exit from projections on sides at interface to PNS; surrounded by dura, arachnoid and pia mater

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3
Q

What is the dermatome?

A

Area of skin innervated by a specific nerve

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4
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Muscles innervated by a specific nerve

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5
Q

How many pairs of nerves are there?

A

31

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6
Q

Where do C1-7 nerves come out?

A

Above the vertebrae

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7
Q

Where to T1-12 nerves originate?

A

Below their vertebrae

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8
Q

Where does C8 originate?

A

Below the vertebrae

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9
Q

Where do L1-5 originate?

A

Below their vertebrae

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10
Q

What do the cord ends at T12/L1 level form?

A

Cauda equina in the lumbar and sacral region

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11
Q

Where do S1-5 originate?

A

Below their vertebrae

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12
Q

Where does the coccygeal nerve originate?

A

In between coccyx

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13
Q

What is below the lumbar region?

A

No tissue

Just emergence of nerves from lumbar cistern

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14
Q

What does the dorsal root do?

A

Receives sensory signals into the dorsal horn - cell bodies in root ganglion

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15
Q

What does the ventral root do?

A

Motor neurons exit cord along the ventral root

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16
Q

What is found in grey matter

A

It is where cell bodies of neurones are; butterfly shape

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17
Q

What is found in the white matter?

A

Myelinated fibres

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18
Q

What happens in the ascending tracts?

A

Carry sensory info to CNS eg spinothalamic

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19
Q

What happens in the descending tracts?

A

Carry motor into the PNS eg corticospinal/vestibulospinal

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20
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A

Connects PNS and ANS to the brain
Carries sensory signals to the brain
Carries motor signals to the muscles
Coordinates reflexes (synapses in grey matter connect sensory neurones to motor)

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21
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A

Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Brain stem

22
Q

What is the brain stem and what comes out of it?

A

10/12 cranial nerves originate from the brain stem to control vital functions eg HR/breathing/swallowing
The pyramidal dessucation marks border between spinal cord and medulla oblongata
Pons connect to brainstem

23
Q

What is the diencephalon made up of?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

24
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Bilateral structure with a third ventricle in middle. Relay centre, recieving all somatic and special sensory afferents to project to cortex; involved in emotional status, consciousness and motor response

25
What is the hypothalamus' function
For homeostasis, endocrine control - temp, hunger, thirst, hormones
26
What is the cortex in the cerebral hemisphere?
2-4mm thick, with 30% exposed and 70% in sulci. Fissures seperate lobes
27
What are the fissures found in the cerebral cortex?
Longitudinal fissure: splits hemisphere Central fissure: frontal/parietal Lateral fissure: temporal/frontal and temporal/parietal
28
What is the basal ganglia?
Ganglia = PNS groups of cell bodies: caudate nucleus and putamen to form striatum; putamen and globus pallidus form the lentiform nucelus -
29
What does the basal ganglia do?
Fine tunes movement | Supressing unwanted movement
30
Where is the primary motor cortex?
Frontal lobe
31
What does the motor association area do?
Planning of movement
32
What does the primary visual cortex do?
Receives visial signals
33
What does the visual association area do?
Recognises familiar objects
34
What does the primary auditory cortex do?
Receives audio signals
35
What does the auditory association area do?
Recognises and gives meaning to audio
36
Where is the primary somesthetic cortex?
Parietal lobe
37
What does the somesthetic association area do?
Interpretation of sensation, giving meaning and sense to it
38
What does the prefrontal cortex do?
``` Emotion, personality, interpretation, judgement, planning ```
39
What does the broca area do
generates programme for speech muscles, usually one sided
40
What does the wernicke area do?
responsible for recognition of speech and written language
41
What is the structure of the cortex?
laminar with 6 layers large pyramidal neurones with one descending axon and many dendrites organised by somatotopathy - sensory and motor cortex have a map where each region of the body represented by certain part of the brain
42
What is the limbic system? What is it involved in?
System with common functions of motivation, emotion and memory, Include hypothalamus, thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix and gyri
43
What is the cerebellum? Where is it found
At base of back of head | Two connected hemispheres and a surface grey cortex, white matter in the middle
44
What is the cortex? What is it connected to?
Arranged in parallel lines to increase SA Connected to: vestibular system for balance cord and muscles of locomotion for posture and muscle tone cortex and thalamus to allow for learned movement with trajectory, timing, speed and force
45
What different fibres does white matter have
Commissural: connect both sides of brain - most important = corpus callosum Association: connected structures on same side Projection: travel vertically to bring in sensory information and take out motor information
46
What does the corpus callosum do?
It is a flat bundle of commissural fibres that connects the left and right cerebral cortex and allow communication between them
47
What is the cranium made up of?
Frontal fossa protects front Parietal fossa protect sides and top Occipital fossa protect back At base, anterior cranial fossa protect front, followed by sphenoid cranial fossa Temporal fossa protect temporal lobes and foramen magnum hole allows nervous entry
48
What are the different layers of the meninges
``` Skin Skull Dura Mater Subdural space Arachnoid Mater Subarachnoid space - where blood vessels lie and filled with CSF Pia mater - thin layer ```
49
What is the ventricular system?
Hollow spaces filled with CSF, lateral ventricles exist between thalamei, fourth ventricle continuous with cord (stem at front, cerebellum at back)
50
What is the cerebrospinal fluid composition?
Similar to plasma but with high Na+ and low K+, and lower glucose/Ca2+/K+ and much lower protein and slightly lower pH
51
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
Cushioning Nutrition Removing waste Immune cells
52
Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced and how much per day?
Produced in choroid plexus In all ventricles 0.5L per day

Y1 Neuroscience and Mental Health (10 decks)

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