Physiology - Part 1

Question 1

what are the four functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

gas exchange
acid base balance
protection from infection
communication via speech

Question 2

on average, how much oxygen is consumed per minute?

Answer 2

250ml

Question 3

on average, how much carbon dioxide is produced per minute?

Answer 3

200ml

Question 4

which structures constitute the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 4

mouth
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

Question 5

which structures constitute the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 5

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 6

what maintains the patency of the airways in the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 6

C shaped rings of cartilage

Question 7

what type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?

Answer 7

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 8

which are more abundant - type I or type II pneumocytes?

Answer 8

type I

Question 9

what are type I pneumocytes responsible for?

Answer 9

gas exchange

Question 10

what are type II pneumocytes responsible for?

Answer 10

producing surfactant

Question 11

what does boyle’s law state?

Answer 11

that the pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume (P proportional to 1/V)

Question 12

what does dalton’s law state?

Answer 12

the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

Question 13

what does charles law state?

Answer 13

the volume occupied by a gas is directly related to the absolute temperature

Question 14

what does henry’s law state?

Answer 14

the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is determined by the pressure of the gas and its solubility in the liquid

Question 15

is intrapleural pressure positive or negative?

Answer 15

negative

Question 16

which muscles are used for inspiration?

Answer 16

external intercostals
diaphragm
sternocleidomastoids
scalenes

Question 17

which muscles are used for expiration during high respiratory load?

Answer 17

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Question 18

which muscles are used for expiration at rest?

Answer 18

expiration is passive at rest

Question 19

what is the tidal volume?

Answer 19

the volume of air breathed in or out of the lungs with each breath

Question 20

what is the expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 20

the maximum volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

Question 21

what is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 21

the maximum volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of a normal inspiration

Question 22

what is the residual volume?

Answer 22

the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration

Question 23

which components make up the vital capacity?

Answer 23

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

Question 24

which components make up the total lung capacity?

Answer 24

vital capacity (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume) + residual volume

Question 25

which components make up the inspiratory capacity?

Answer 25

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 26

which components make up the functional residual capacity?

Answer 26

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 27

what does FEV1 mean?

Answer 27

forced expired volume in 1 second

Question 28

what does FEV1:FVC mean?

Answer 28

the fraction of forced vital capacity expired in 1 second

Question 29

what is pulmonary (minute) ventilation?

Answer 29

total air movement into / out of the lungs

Question 30

what is alveolar ventilation?

Answer 30

fresh air getting to alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange

Question 31

what is the alveolar partial pressure of O2 during normal ventilation?

Answer 31

100 mmHg / 13.3 kPa

Question 32

what is the alveolar partial pressure of CO2 during normal ventilation?

Answer 32

40 mmHg / 5.3 kPa

Question 33

is surfactant more effective in smaller alveoli or larger alveoli?

Answer 33

smaller alveoli - it's more concentrated

Question 34

what is the name of the syndrome newborns suffer when they don't produce enough surfactant?

Answer 34

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

Question 35

when there is a large increase in lung volume for a small increase in intrapleural pressure, does this correlate to hgih or low compliance of the lungs?

Answer 35

high compliance

Question 36

with low compliance, is there a small or a large increase in lung volume when there's a large increase in intrapleural pressure?

Answer 36

small

Question 37

what is the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease?

Answer 37

obstructive is obstruction of air flow especially on expiration restrictive is restriction of lung expansion

Question 38

what is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio?

Answer 38

80%

Question 39

how does the spirometry graph of someone with an obstructive lung disease compare to the normal one?

Answer 39

shallower and longer

Question 40

how does the spirometry graph of someone with an restrictive lung disease compare to the normal one?

Answer 40

shallower and shorter

Question 41

what does a low FEV1/FVC ratio indicate?

Answer 41

obstructive lung disease

Question 42

what does a high FEV1/FVC ratio indicate?

Answer 42

restrictive lung disease