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Endocrine Exam 1 > Physiology of the Endocrine Pancreas and Glucose Metabolism > Flashcards

Physiology of the Endocrine Pancreas and Glucose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main hormones secreted from each cell type in the islets of Langerhans?

A
  • alpha - secrete insulin and amylin (60% of islet cells)
  • beta - secrete glucagon (25% of islet cells)
  • delta - secrete somatostatin (10% of islet cells)
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2
Q

What are the ‘glucose lowering hormones’ and the ‘glucose raising hormones’?

A
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3
Q

What is the goal of insulin secretion during fasting? What quantity of insulin is secreted during this time? High or low rate?

A
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4
Q

Be able to describe Phase 1 insulin secretion – when it happens/what type of insulin is released (preformed or synthesized directly)/etc…

A
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5
Q

Be able to describe Phase 2 insulin secretion – when it happens/what type of insulin is released (preformed or synthesized directly)/etc…

A
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6
Q

What does insulin do to transport of glucose into liver, muscle and other cells?

A
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7
Q

Understand the negative feedback associated with insulin secretion and blood glucose.

A
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8
Q

The Pancreas:
Two major types of tissue

A
  • Acini
  • islets of Langerhans
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9
Q

secrete digestive enzymes/fluids
into the duodenum

A

Acini

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10
Q

secrete
hormones into the blood

A

islets of Langerhans

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11
Q

Organized around capillaries in order to secrete
hormones as needed

A

islets of Langerhans

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12
Q

Insulin inhibits ____________ secretion

A

glucagon

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13
Q

Amylin inhibits _________ secretion

A

insulin

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14
Q

Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of both ___________ and _____________

A

insulin, glucagon

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15
Q

• Increased blood glucose
• Increased blood free fatty
acids
• Increased blood amino acids
• Gastrointestinal hormones
▫Gastrin, GIP, GLP-1, CCK,
Secretin
• Glucagon, growth hormone,
cortisol
• Parasympathetic stimulation
• B-adrenergic stimulation
• Insulin resistance (ex obesity)

A

Increase Insulin Secretion

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16
Q

• Decreased blood glucose
• Fasting
• Somatostatin
• a-adrenergic activity
• Leptin

A

Decrease Insulin Secretion

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17
Q

If the blood glucose concentration is suddenly
increased to a level two to three times normal and
kept at this high level…
-Plasma insulin concentration increases almost 10-fold
within 3 to 5 minutes after the elevation of the blood
glucose
-Results from immediate dumping of preformed insulin
from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
-Sustained response for 5-10 minutes before decreasing
This is known as Phase ___

A

Phase 1

18
Q

If the blood glucose concentration is suddenly
increased to a level two to three times normal and
kept at this high level…
-Beginning at about 15 minutes, insulin secretion rises a
second time and reaches a new plateau in 2 to 3 hours
-Usually at a rate of secretion even greater than that in the
initial phase
-Release of preformed insulin and from activation of the
enzyme system that synthesizes and releases new insulin
This is known as Phase ____

A

Phase 2

18
Q

Any rise in blood glucose increases insulin
secretion, and the insulin in turn increases
transport of glucose into __________, __________, and other
cells, thereby reducing the blood glucose
concentration back toward the normal value
- Regulation is rapid and robust

A

liver, muscle

19
Q

Amino acids strongly potentiate (effect) the glucose
stimulus for insulin secretion, these are:

A

Arginine
Lysine

20
Q

Insulin in turn promotes transport of amino acids
into the ______________ as well as __________________of protein

A

tissue cells, intracellular
formation

21
Q

Definition: hormones released from the SMALL
intestines following oral ingestion of nutrients
resulting in…
▫glucose dependent increased insulin secretion
▫glucose dependent decreased glucagon secretion
▫local effects on the BETA CELL
▫systemic effects

A

Incretin Hormones

22
Q

• Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1)
• Glucose Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)

A

Incretin Hormones

23
Q

Insulin and Carbohydrate Metabolism:
The insulin in turn causes rapid uptake, storage,
and use of glucose by almost all tissues of the
body, but most importantly:

A

Muscles
Adipose tissue
Liver

24
Q

Immediately after a _____________________, the
glucose that is absorbed into the blood causes
rapid secretion of insulin

A

high-carbohydrate meal

25
Q

Insulin and Carbohydrate Metabolism:
Promotes conversion of excess glucose into ________________
and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver

A

fatty acids

26
Q

Insulin and Fat Metabolism:
Promotes and is required for fat synthesis and
storage

A

Conversion of excess glucose to fatty acids

27
Q

Insulin and Fat Metabolism:
Insulin deficiency _______________ (increases/decreases) use of fat for energy

A

increases

28
Q

(T/F) Brain cells are permeable to glucose and can use
glucose without needing insulin

A

T

29
Q

Secreted by the alpha cells of the endocrine
pancreas

A

Glucagon

30
Q

Most functions are diametrically opposed to
insulin

A

Glucagon

31
Q

Hypoglycemic hormone is

A

insulin

32
Q

Major effects of glucagon on glucose
metabolism:

A

▫Breakdown of liver glycogen (glycogenolysis)
▫Increased gluconeogenesis (conversion of many of
the amino acids to glucose) in the liver

Both result in increasing glucose available in the
body

33
Q

Glucagon activates ___________________ - increased
quantities of fatty acids available to the energy
systems of the body

A

adipose cell lipase

34
Q

Glucagon inhibits storage of ______________ in the
liver, preventing removal of fatty acids from the
blood

A

triglycerides

35
Q

The
___________________ primarily functions to
maintain blood glucose control

A

endocrine pancreas

36
Q

Beta cells and _________

A

insulin

37
Q

Alpha cells and _________

A

glucagon

38
Q

______ functioning as a blood glucose buffering

A

Liver

39
Q

Why is blood glucose regulation so important?

A

Glucose is the only nutrient that normally can be used by the brain, retina , and germinal epithelium of the
gonads and maintaining sufficient amounts is vital to their function

40
Q

Hyperglycemia can be detrimental by:

A

-Exerting a large amount of osmotic pressure in the
extracellular fluid (cellular dehydration)
-Loss of glucose in the urine and the associated osmotic
diuresis
-Sustained increases in blood glucose may cause damage
to many tissues (e.g. vascular injury in people)

41
Q

(high blood glucose) occurs when there is too much sugar in the blood

A

Hyperglycemia

Endocrine Exam 1 (10 decks)

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