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Endocrine Exam 1 > Module 1: Endocrine Function of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Module 1: Endocrine Function of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the concept of negative feedback regulation as it pertains to endocrine physiology

A
  • common control mechanism
  • maintains steady state
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2
Q

Outline how the hypophyseal-portal system functions and explain its importance to regulation of pituitary secretion

A
  • hypophysial portal system is the conduit that connects the brain to the anterior pituitary
  • allows the neurohormones secreted by the neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus to be transported directly to the cells of the anterior pituitary
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3
Q

List the principal hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A
  • corticotrophin-releasing hormone
  • dopamine
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone
  • somatostatin
  • gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
  • thyrotrophin-releasing hormone
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4
Q

list the principal hormones secreted by the pars distalis/adenohypophysis/ anterior pituitary gland

A

Anterior Pituitary secretes:
◦ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH,
corticotropin)
◦ Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(thyrotropin, TSH)
◦ Growth hormone (GH)
◦ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
◦ Luteinizing hormone (LH)
◦ Prolactin (PRL)

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5
Q

List the principal hormones secreted by the pars nervosa/neurohypophysis/ posterior pituitary gland

A

Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Vasopressin
- Oxytocin

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6
Q

Parturition is an example of _____________ feedback loop

A

Positive

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7
Q

Maintain chemical constancy and temperature of the internal environment. Also regulate mood and instinctive behavior (along with the limbic system)

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

What connects the brain to endocrine organs?

A

Hypothalamus
- Thirst
- Body temperature
- Posterior pituitary secretion
- Anterior pituitary secretion

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9
Q

What is the connection to posterior pituitary?

A

Neural
- Hypothalamohypophysial tract

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10
Q

What is the connection to the anterior pituitary?

A

Vascular
- Portal vessels arise from the median eminence
- The outside blood-brain barrier
- Direct vascular link from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
- True portal system = system begins and ends in capillaries without going through
the heart

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11
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Vasopressin
  • Oxytocin
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12
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
TSH via ______

A

TRH

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13
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
ACTH and b-LPH via _____

A

CRH

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14
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
FSH and LH via _______

A

GnRH

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15
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
Prolactin via __________

A

PIH and PRH

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16
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
Growth hormone via ______

A

GHRH

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17
Q

What are the Hypothalamic Functions?

A
  • Temperature regulation
  • Neuroendocrine control
  • Appetitive behavior’
  • Defensive reactions (fear, rage)
  • Control of body rhythms
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18
Q

Control of Posterior Pituitary Secretion:

A
  • Neurosecretion
  • Magnocellular neurons in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
    ◦ Transported down axons
    ◦ Secretory granules = ‘Herring bodies’
    ◦ Posterior lobe –secreted into circulation
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19
Q

Stimulus for secretion = mammary gland stimulation, cervical stimulation
Effects:
◦ Milk letdown/ejection in mammary gland
◦ Contraction of myoepithelial cells
◦ Neuroendocrine reflex
◦ Uterine contraction –enhanced by estrogen tone, inhibited by progesterone
◦ Role in luteolysis
◦ Recent evidence –oxytocin is the ‘love hormone’

A

Oxytocin

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20
Q

Effects:
◦ Increases blood pressure (pressor effect)
◦ Increases permeability of renal collecting duct to H2O
◦ Increases renal water resorption
◦ Concentrates the urine
◦ Decreases osmolality of body fluids

A

Vasopressin

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21
Q

Vasopressin

A
  • arginine vasopressin
    • except in PIGS = lysine vasopressin
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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22
Q

What are the three types of receptors for vasopressin?

A
  • V1A
  • V1B
  • V2
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23
Q

the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland), which stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus

A

neurohypophysis

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24
Q

◦ ‘Releasing hormones’
◦ HIGHEST concentrations in hypophysial portal blood
◦ Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
◦ Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
◦ Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
◦ Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GIH, somatostatin)
◦ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
◦ Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
◦ (= dopamine)

A

Hypothalamic hypophysiotropichormones

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25
"Releasing Hormones" are released from _____________ of hypothalamus
median eminence
26
Releasing Hormones: Most affect secretion of more than one anterior pituitary hormone = GnRH (Growth hormone-releasing hormone )
stimulates FSH and LH secretion
27
Releasing Hormones: Most affect secretion of more than one anterior pituitary hormone = TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
stimulates PRL secretion, along with TSH
28
Releasing Hormones: Most affect secretion of more than one anterior pituitary hormone = Somatostatin
inhibits TSH secretion, as well as GH
29
Releasing Hormones: Most affect secretion of more than one anterior pituitary hormone = CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone)
stimulates secretion of ACTH, beta-lipotropin
30
Most releasing hormones affect secretion of MORE THAN ONE anterior pituitary hormone, these are...
- GnRH - TRH - Somatostatin - CRH
31
What functions as neurotransmitters in other parts of the brain, the retina, and autonomic nervous system?
Releasing Hormones
32
Releasing Hormones: found in pancreatic islets
somatostatin
33
Releasing Hormones: GHRH secreted by...
pancreatic tumors
34
Releasing Hormones: Smatostatin and TRH found in...
GI tract
35
the anterior part of the pituitary gland that is derived from the embryonic pharynx and is primarily glandular in nature
adenohypophysis
36
- Neurologic deficits –eye signs, headache, vomiting, somnolence, seizure - Endocrine changes –precocious puberty, hypogonadism, DI - Metabolic abnormalities ◦ Hyperphagia ◦ Obesity ◦ Hyperthermia (differential for this = ???)
Hypothalamic Disease
37
Hypothalamic hormones called __________ are secreted into the hypophyseal-portal system, where they are carried directly to the Anterior pituitary gland and induce or suppress secretion of pituitary hormones. This is an important mechanism by which the hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion and, thereby, function of multiple endocrine glands
Releasing Hormones (hypophysiotrophic factors or Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones)
38
Pituitary Organogenesis: pars nervosa from _________ tissue (2 hormones)
nervous
39
Pituitary Organogenesis: pars distalis from ________ (6 major hormones)
ectoderm
40
Pituitary Organogenesis: pars intermedia from ____________ junction (1 hormone)
ectoderm/nerve
41
Anterior Pituitary Histology: Acidophils
- Growth Hormones - Prolactin
42
Anterior Pituitary Histology: Basophils
TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH
43
Anterior Pituitary Histology: Chromophobes
MSH
44
What are the "three groups" of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones?
- Somatotrophin - Lactogen Group - Two-Subunit Group - Pro-opiomelanocortin
45
GH is secreted from the _________ and _______ in endocrine concentrations
pituitary, placenta
46
GH is secreted from other tissues in ___________ concentrations
autocrine/paracrine
47
What inhibits GH secretion?
Somatostatin
48
What stimulates GH secretion ?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
49
GH inhibits the hypothalamic release of ___________
GHRH
50
What inhibits the hypothalamic release of GHRH, stimulates the release of somatostatin and inhibits GH release from pituitary?
IGF-I
51
What reduces GH release?
Glucose Stress
52
What increases GH release?
Amino acids Exercise Sleep Antidiuretic hormone Ghrelin
53
multifaceted gut hormone
Ghrelin
54
- Is released in short bursts - Has carried proteins in the blood
Growth Hormone (GH) in circulation
55
GH Actions: GH target cell
direct GH-induced biological response
56
GH Actions: IGF-I target cell
indirect GH-induced biological response
57
Biological Actions of Growth Hormone
• Bone growth • Protein metabolism (“protein sparing”) • Fat metabolism (“lipolytic”) • Carbohydrate metabolism (“glucose sparing”) – antagonizes insulin! (think cat with DM) • Lactation (BST increases milk production)
58
synthesized, secreted in the pituitary and placenta (an endocrine mechanism)
Prolactin
59
What is the mechanism of Prolactin?
Autocrine and Paracrine
60
Prolactin is also in other tissues like?
mammary gland prostate immune cells
61
What inhibits prolactin secretion?
Dopamine
62
What stimulates Prolactin secretion?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
63
(T/F) Placental prolactin is controlled by different mechanisms than those in the pituitary
True
64
Prolactin inhibits it own synthesis and secretion by feedback loops to both the _________________ and the ________________
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
65
Physiological Regulation of Pituitary: What increases PRL (Prolactin) secretion?
Estrogen Suckling response Sleep
66
Physiological Regulation of Pituitary: What decreases PRL secretion?
Pregnancy
67
- Has no carrier protein - Low in males - Higher in females - Highest in pregnancy and lactation
Prolactin in Circulation
68
• Mammary gland growth and lactation • Maintenance of corpus luteum in rats • Male reproduction – paternal behavior! - Birds, fish, other species • Fish – control of salt, water balance
Biological Actions of Prolactin
69
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates TSH release from the ______________________
anterior pituitary
70
________________ decreases TSH release from the anterior pituitary
Somatostatin
71
_______________ reduce TRH secretion from hypothalamus
T3 and T4
72
___________ reduce TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary
T3 and T4
73
What increases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion?
Cold Stress Estrogen
74
What decreases TSH secretion?
Glucocorticoids Growth hormone
75
- Stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormone - Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
Biological Actions of TSH
76
• 29 kDa precursor protein • In the adenohypophysis: cleaved to ACTH and beta-lipotropin • In the intermediate lobe: cleaved to melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) • Canine intermediate lobe tumors make 1° ACTH; equine intermediate lobe tumors make 1° MSH
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
77
_____________ stimulates POMC synthesis, cleavage to ACTH, and secretion
corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
78
_________________ secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
79
ACTH stimulates _____________________production that feeds back both to the hypothalamus (decrease CRH) and to the pituitary (decrease ACTH) Adrenal cortex Hypothalamus Pituitary
adrenal glucocorticoid
80
Biological Actions of POMC Products: stimulates synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
ACTH
81
Biological Actions of POMC Products: stimulates lipolysis in fat cells
beta-LPH
82
Biological Actions of POMC Products: stimulates pigment production in melanocytes
MSH
83
What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of TSH?
TRH
84
What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of GH?
GHRH
85
What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of FSH?
GnRH
86
What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of LH?
GnRH
87
What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of PRL?
PIH
88
What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of ACTH?
CRH

Endocrine Exam 1 (10 decks)

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