Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis Flashcards
is not a single disease, but a syndrome
(Hyperglycemia)
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
results from defects in insulin
secretion or insulin sensitivity in target tissues or
both
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia -> Beta cell Loss or Destruction -> Absolute Insulin Deficiency -> Hyperglycemia -> ___________________
‘Type-1’ Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin Resistance -> Abnormal Beta Cell Function -> Relative Insulin Deficiency -> Hyperglycemia -> ___________________
‘Type-2’ Diabetes Mellitus
are similar to type 1 diabetic people exhibiting an absolute insulin deficiency
Dogs
are more similar to type 2 diabetic people where there is a relative insulin deficiency
Cats
180 mg/dl is critical blood glucose in ______
dogs
280 mg/dl is critical blood glucose in ________
cats
4 Hallmark Clinical Signs of Diabetes Mellitus
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- Polyphagia
- Weight Loss
What creates an osmotic diuresis resulting in
polyuria?
Glycosuria
What does compensatory polydipsia prevent?
Dehydration
When Renal Tubular cells are unable to resorb glucose from the glomerular ultra-filtrate beyond a certain limit, it results in what?
(blood glucose concentration increases)
Glycosuria
eats excessive amounts of food
Polyphagia
In diabetics with a relative or absolute lack of insulin, glucose does not enter satiety center cells, resulting in failure to inhibit the feeding center, this means that:
The animal then becomes polyphagic despite hyperglycemia
Unexpected weight loss is often noticed in ___________ but it may also be seen with __________________
type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes
What is the peak age for pets with diabetes mellitus in dogs?
Peak prevalence between 7
and 10 years
Diabetes mellitus is more common in _______ dogs
female
What breed has predispositions to diabetes mellitus?
Keeshond
What are some presenting complaint of diabetes mellitus in dogs?
- the big 4
- acute blindness
- diabetic ketoacidosis
Possible findings in physical examination of a dog with diabetes mellitus.
▫No classic findings
▫Cataracts
▫Signs referable to chronic
disease
-Muscle, skin, hair, etc…
is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones
Diabetic ketoacidosis
What will you see in the examination room?
- No classic physical examination findings
- Lethargy
- Haircoat – sparse, dry, brittle, and lusterless hair
- Integument - scales from hyperkeratosis
- Hepatomegaly (lipidosis)
- Lenticular changes/cataract
- Peripheral neuropathies
- Additional findings in the case of diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA)
▫Typically normal
▫Neutrophilic leukocytosis if
infection/inflammation
present
Complete Blood Count
▫Glycosuria
▫Variable ketonuria
▫Proteinuria
▫Bacteriuria
Urinalysis
