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Reproduction > physiology of reproduction > Flashcards

physiology of reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what are leydig cells and where are they

A

clusters of cells between the seminiferous

tubules and source of testosterone

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2
Q

where are the source of hormones

A

interstitial cells such as leydig cells

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3
Q

how is the pendulous pouch seperated

A

median septum

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4
Q

where does meiosis occur in males

A

seminiferous tubules of males

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5
Q

what are the two types of cells daughter cells produced by spermatogenesis

A

Type a replenish the pool of spermatogonia

Type b - form mature sperm

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6
Q

how is the blood testis barrier formed

A

Formed by Sertoli cells and the tight junctions between them

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7
Q

what happens in the epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation

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8
Q

what is released for male ejaculation

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic & 10% sperm and

trace of bulbourethral fluid

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9
Q

other components of semen

A

fructose provide energy for sperm motility
– fibrinogen
– clotting enzymes convert fibrinogen to fibrin causing semen to
clot

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10
Q

where do germ cells originate from

A

yolk sac in the region of the hindgut

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11
Q

how to germ cells migrate

A

migrate to the genital ridge by amoeboid movement

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12
Q

why is phospholipase c zeta important

A

oocyte activation
activates egg to release ca
decondensed sperm nucleus into pronucleus

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13
Q

what happens in in vivo fertilisation

A

egg fertilised in fallopian tube

implantation in uterine cavity

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14
Q

energy for early preimplantation

A

atp turnover is low
atp/ adp ratio is high
glucose uptake and utilisation is low

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15
Q

role of hcg

A

essential for early ppregnancy
ensures corpus luteum makes progesterone
repels immune cells- and protects embryo

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16
Q

sex differentiation for men and women

A

Determined by the SRY GENE
male pathway will be induced if there is anti mullerian hormone and androgens ,
Leydig cells will secrete testosterone

Female pathway is induced to make ovaries etc in the abscence of androgens and amh

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17
Q

what is dihydrotestosterone used for

A

synthesis and action for development of external genitalia

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18
Q

what happens during infancy

A

rapid but rapid declerating growth in first 2-3 yrs

determined by nutrit

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19
Q

important determinants of growth

A

parental phenotypeand genotype
nutrition
Quality and duration of pregnancy

psycho social environment

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20
Q

what is chondrogenesis

A

growth

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21
Q

where is Human growth hormone produced

A

somatroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

what important hormone does puberty require

A

GnRH

23
Q

what percentage of girls go into early puberty

A

80%

24
Q

what percentage of boys go into early puberty

A

30% alarming

25
Q

symptoms of turner syndrome

A

short stature
recurrent ear infections
webbing of neck
broad chest

26
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

small testes
reduced sexual hair
tall stature
osteoporosis

27
Q

what is climacteric menopause

A

around the time of menopause and the year after

28
Q

cause of menopause

A

depletion of primordial follicles

29
Q

mechanism of menopause

A

ovaries depleted of follicles
decline of oestrogen production
gradual decline w age
gradual rise of FSH AND LH - lack of negative feedback mechanism

30
Q

risks of premature menopause

A 
risk of mortality
heart disease
mood and sexual disorders
bone mineral density 
risk of cognitive dysfunction
31
Q

symptoms of menopaise

A

hot flushes
mood swings
irregular cycles
osteoporosis

32
Q

urogenital signs of menopause

A

vaginal dryness
painful sex
urethral syndrome

33
Q

treatments for menopause

A

HRT- hormone replacement therapy
sedatives
beta blockers
calcium, vit d and calcitonin

34
Q

what hormone is replaced in HRT

A

oestrogen or progesterone if the uterus is intact

35
Q

how is the uterus supported by the pelvic cavity

A

broad ligaments
round ligaments
cardinal ligaments

36
Q

what are the fallopian tubes

A

pathway by which the ovum travels from the ovary to the uterus

37
Q

function of cervix

A

connects the uterus with the vagina

38
Q

basics of ultrasound scans

A

sound wave that goes in then bounces back

39
Q

why is ultrasound the preferred imaging method in the UK

A

CHEAP AND SAFE

40
Q

What is a transvaginal US used for

A

to see the endometrium or lining of uterus

And if you’re fat

41
Q

In what specific cell in the testis do sperm cells mature

A

sertoli

42
Q

what is the site of spermatogenesis

A

Walls of seminiferous tubules

43
Q

what is the process of ooogenesis

A

differentiation of an ovum into a cell that can be fertilised

44
Q

3 steps in oogenesis

A

Multiplication phase - in utero
Growth phase - primary oocyte to primary follicle
Maturation phase - two cells are formed a cytoplasm cell and polar cell body which is discarded

45
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A

cell differentiation process that ensures the production of fertilizing sperm

46
Q

purpose of blood testes barrier and where it’s formed

A

Formed between Sertoli cells of thr seminiferous tubules and as such isolate the further developed stages of germ cells from the blood

47
Q

what is spermiogenesis

A

remodelling and differentiation into mature spermatozoa

48
Q

main changes for girls during puberty

A

breast formation
pubic hair growth
1st period

49
Q

main changes for boys at puberty

A

increase in testicle size due to increase in fsh
pubic hair growth
deeper voice

50
Q

importance of SRY GENE men

A

men xy- SRY present, SRY protein formed which allows development of the gonads
, leydig cells to testes
thus wolfian duct development

51
Q

importance of SRY gene WOMEN

A

not present in women as no Y chromosome
so no SRY protein
bipotential gonads to become ovaries
no wolfian duct

52
Q

stages in sperm production

A

spermatogenesis

spermiogenesis

53
Q

what happens in spermatogenesis

A

Step 1 - primordial germ cells undergo mitosis to form type a and B cells

Step 2- type B cells will replicate by mitosis to form diploid cells linked by cytoplasm bridges known as primary spermatophores

Step 3- meiosis 1 will produce secondary spermatocytes

Step 4 will produce four haploid cells known as spermatids

54
Q

Process of spermiogenesis

A

Golgi body enzymes form the acrosome
Acrosome condenses around the nucleus
centriole elongates to form the tail
Loss of excess cytoplasm

Reproduction (5 decks)

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