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menstrual cycle and pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what chemical marker will show a male is infertile

A

FSH/ testosterone

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2
Q

what hormone causes production of sperm

A

FSH

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3
Q

what is follicular development dependant on

A

gonadatropin

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4
Q

two stages of menstrual cycle

A

follicular

luteal

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5
Q

what happens in the hpg axis

A

. The hypothalamus secretes GnRH.

  1. GnRH travels down to the anterior pituitary gland and binds to receptors on the gland.
  2. This promotes the release of LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone).
  3. LH and FSH travel in the bloodstream to the ovaries.
  4. When LH and FSH bind to the ovaries they stimulate the production of oestrogen and inhibin
  5. Increasing levels of oestrogen, progesterone and inhibin have a negative feedback effect on the pituitary and hypothalamus.
  6. This leads to the decreased production of GnRH, LH and FSH.
  7. This, in turn, results in decreased production of oestrogen and inhibin.
  8. If a woman becomes pregnant, GnRH, FSH and LH remain inhibited, causing menstruation to cease.
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6
Q

what happens in the follicular phase of menstrual cycle

A

increase in levels of gnrh causes FSH to increase
leads to follicular maturation- which releases oestrogen
a single follicle will reach full maturation
continues to secrete oestrogen
high levels of oestrogen will stimulate LH
this causes follicle to become thin and rupture to make a secondary oocyte
Secondary oocyte formed which will be released into fallopian tube w fimbria

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7
Q

name of follicle that reaches full maturity in follicular phase

A

graafian follicle

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8
Q

increase in oestrogen in the follicular phase causes

A

endometrial thickening
thinning of the cervical mucus to allow easy passage of sperm
inhibition of lh production by ant pituitary

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9
Q

what happens in the luteal phase

A

graffian follicle into corpus luteum

releases ; progesterone, inhibin and oestrogen

endometrium becomes receptive to implantation

levels of LH and FSH decrease - corpus luteum degenerates

decrease in level of progesterone stops triggers menstruation and the cycle repeats

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10
Q

what happens during days 0-4 of fertilisation

A

day 1- sperm acrosomal reaction @ zona pellucida
M and F pronuclei form , 2n cells
day 2+3 - cleaving
day 4- morula forms 8–16 cells same size but more compacted

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11
Q

pathway of sperm

A

uterine tube
ampulla
corona radiata
zona pellucida

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12
Q

effects of progesterone in the luteal phase

A

endometrium becomes receptive to implantation of a blastocyst
-ve feedback causing decreased LH and FSH
an increase in woman’s basal body temp

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13
Q

what is an acrosome

A

layer on head of sperm

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14
Q

how does sperm breakdown the zona pellucida

A

releases acrosin

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15
Q

acrosomal reaction two parts

A

acrosin release

sperm and egg fuse

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16
Q

what happens during days 5-7 of fertilisation

A

day 5- 16-32 blastocyst , inner cell mass and outer cell masses form

day 6- hatching , ZP breakdown

Day 7- blastocyst implants in endometrial lining

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17
Q

what follicle is formed in the fetal ovary

A

primordial follicle

18
Q

stages of follicular development

A 
primordial 
primary 
secondary
luteinising
corpus luteum 
regression of follicle
19
Q

what is follicular development dependant on

A

GONADATROPIN

20
Q

What hormones are involved in pregnancy

A 
oestrogen
progesterone
hcg
prolactin
relaxin
oxytocin
prostaglandins
21
Q

cardio and resp related changes a woman faces during pregnancy

A

cardio- increase in plasma volume, cardiac output and blood pressure
resp= increase in tidal volume and resp rate

22
Q

3 stages of labour

A

1- active phase
2- pushing phase
3- placenta delivery

23
Q

what happens in the active phase of labour

A

irregular then true contractions

cervix dilates

24
Q

what happens the pushing stage of labour

A

delivery of the baby

25
Q

what happens in the placental delivery

A

placenta detached from endometrial wall

26
Q

how is the baby pushed out

A
  • -head of baby pushes against cervix
  • sends impulses to brain
  • pituitary gland releases oxytocin
  • oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes baby towards the cervix
27
Q

what hormones help to widen the cervix

A

relaxin and oestrogen

28
Q

what hormone stimulates uterine contractions

A

oxytocin

29
Q

three layers of the uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

30
Q

vagina epithelia

A

stratified squamous non keratinising

31
Q

what is cervical ripening

A

Cervical ripening is a normal process of softening and opening the cervix before labor starts

32
Q

main function of the placenta

A

passageway of nutrition between mother and child
fetal respiration
barrier between maternal and fetal circulation

33
Q

structure of placenta

A

discoid shaped

two surfaces fetal and maternal

34
Q

purpose of fetal surface of placenta

A

covered in amnion
amniotic membrane secretes amniotic fluid
under the amnion is the chorion

35
Q

Role of fsh in the hpg axis

A

Stimulates development of the ovarian follicle , most sensitive one becomes the dominant Graafian follicle

36
Q

Role of lh in the hpg axis

A

Causes the Graafian follicle to change into corpus luteum which begins to produce progesterone

37
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce

A

Progesterone

38
Q

what happens if fertilisation occurs

A

if an ovum is fertilised it produces HCG
hcg prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum
continued production of progesterone prevents menstruation
placenta takes over

39
Q

how is the placenta formed with chorion frondosum

A

The cells in the chorion frondosum proliferate and become the placenta

40
Q

hormones that the placenta secretes

A

hCG – supports corpus luteum

hcS (somatotropin) – stimulates mammary development

progesterone and oestrogen – supports maternal endometrium

relaxin

41
Q

process of fertilisation

A

Around ovulation the primary oocyte undergoes meiosis leaving a haploid cell- the other 23 chromosomes become a polar body.

Sperm attempt to penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida to fertilise the egg, usually only one sperm will get through before the layers shut the other sperm out

When a sperm enters, the 23 chromosomes of the egg multiply into 2 sets. One set combines with the 23 chromosomes from the sperm and the other 23 create the second polar body

42
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Fertilisation occurs at ampulla of fallopian tube

Reproduction (5 decks)

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