Physiology of olfaction and gustation Flashcards

1
Q

What is ansomia

A

loss of sense of smell

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2
Q

What is aguesia

A

loss of sense of taste

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3
Q

What are tasants

A

the chemical compounds that bind taste receptors and impart the primary flavor categories (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, unami)

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4
Q

What are odorants

A

the chemical compounds that bind odorant receptors that impart an odor

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5
Q

what is the sensory transduction in taste cells

A

specialized epithelial cells

chemosensory transduction is initiated on the apical domain and electrical signals are generated at the basal domain

TRansient receptor potential receptors (TRP) and Ion channels serve as the primary messengers

release of neurotransmitters

intracellular calcium release facilitiates the fusion and release of the neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Stimulus and neurotransmitter of Sour

A

Stimulus: H+ ions

neurotransmitter: serotonin

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7
Q

Stimulus and neurotransmitter for salty

A

Stimulus: Na+ binding ENaC

neurotransmitter: Serotonin

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8
Q

Stimulus and neurotransmitter for sweet

A

Stimulus: sugars binding GPCRs

neurotransmittter: ATP

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9
Q

Stimulus and neurotransmitter for Unami

A

Stimulus: Glutamate binding mGluR4 (GPCR)

neurotransmitter: ATP

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10
Q

Stimulus and neurotransmitter for Bitter

A

Stimulus: various compounds binding GPCR

Neurotransmitter: ATP

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11
Q

Sensory Transduction in olfactory neurons

A

Bipolar cells that release glutamate

odorant binds a odorant specific G protein (Golf) which activates a adenylate cyclase producing cAMP thus opening a (CNGC) cation channel allowing for the influx of Na+ and Ca+ this then opens a Ca+ and Cl- channel which allows for Cl- out of the cell further depolarizing the cell

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12
Q

What happens as a odor persists

A

as an odor persists sensitivity of the CNGC to cAMP decreases reducing the cation influx all due to enzymatic activity

or a odorant receptor gets phosphorylated over time to become adapted to the smell

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13
Q

Hyposima

A

thickened mucus blocks the odorant receptors making it harder to smell things

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14
Q

What are the nutritional values for each taste: Sweet

A

sweet signals the presence of carbohydrates that serve as an energy source

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15
Q

What are the nutritional values for each taste: Salty

A

Salty taste governs the intake of Na+ annd other salts essential for maintaining the bodys water balance and blood circulation

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16
Q

What are the nutritional values for each taste: Umani

A

Umani is generally believed to reflect a foods protein content due to the presence of glutamate and other amino acids

17
Q

What are the nutritional values for each taste: Sour

A

sour taste signals the presence of dietary acids

spoiled foods often are acidic and thus avoided

18
Q

What are the nutritional values for each taste: Bitter

A

thought to gaurd against consuming poisons

since it is so important these bitter tuned GPCR bind with high affinity compared to other taste receptors and need for low concentration to better prevent ingestion of poisons

19
Q

What happens to gustatory and olfactory sensitivity with age

A

Declines with age

therefore adults eat food with more salt and spices which can be problematic for individuals that have hypertension and or electrolyte issues

20
Q

What is the significance of sugar with infants

A

babies are primed to the taste of amniotic fluid which reflects the composition of the maternal diet and therefore helps localize the rooting for breastmilk after birth

however newborns respond to sweet tastes and will cause relaxation and decreased heart rate of the infant therefore sweet tastes act as a analgesics if the infant has to do minor painful procedures

this is thought to activate the endogenous opioid system (beta endorphin release)

21
Q

How does sugar help with taking medicine

A

Most medicines taste bitter to an individual and trigger the bitter receptors

however masking with sodium salts (monosodium glutamate and sodium gluconate) suppress bitter taste at the level of the receptor

Sugar suppresses the bitterness at the cognitive level

22
Q

what is the function of the Nucleus of the solitary tract

A

receives multiple sensory inputs from vagus nerve that relays information about the viscera. Early site of gustatory and visceral information . reflex forms basis for salivary secretions, mimetic responses and swallowing

23
Q

what is the function of the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus

A

relay station for taste perception. The discriminitive aspects of taste are processed here

24
Q

what is considered the gustatory cortex

A

Insular taste cortex, operculum of the frontal lobe, post central gyrus

25
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus and the amygdala

A

affective aspects of eating, emotional context to eating, memories of eating (amygdala)
Integration of homeostatic mechanisms of eating like hunger (hypothalamus)

Interplay between eating and the calming effects of food take place in the limbic and reward system

26
Q

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex

A

Integrating visual, somatosensory, olfaction and gustatory stimuli to collectively appreciate the flavor of food

27
Q

What is the perception of flavor

A

requires gustatory input, olfactory input, and somatosensory information which come together in the medial orbitofrontal cortex

28
Q

what is the function of the Anterior olfactory nucleus

A

Relay station to the ipsilateral and contralateral corticies

29
Q

What is the function of the priform cortex and the lateral hypothalamus

A

control of appetite and how olfactory input influences appetite and hunger

30
Q

What is the function of the piriform cortex and the medial orbitofrontal cortex

A

integration of sight, smell, and taste of food. appreciation of the flavor of food

31
Q

What is the function of the anterior cortical amygdaloid nuclei

A

emotional learning, olfactory fear conditioning

32
Q

What is the function of the periamygdaloid cortex

A

integration of the emotional aspect of food as elicted by odor

33
Q

What is the function of the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus

A

memory formation and how olfactory input facilitates both memory and recall

connections within the limbic system and entorhinal cortex are responsible for highly evocative experience of memory upon odor sensation

34
Q

What are the layers of the olfactory bulb

A

olfactory epithelium

cribiform plate

GLomerular layer: contain olfactory glomerulus and periglomerular cells which release GABA to specify the signal

External plexiform layer: contain tuft cells which project to olfactory tract

Mitral cell layer: mitral cells that project to the olfactory tract

Granule cell layer: contain granule cell which release GABA to help specify the signal

Olfactory tract
(superior)

35
Q

What is the significance of loss of smell and neurodegenerative disease

A

Loss of smell has been shown as early prognosis of individuals with Parkinson disease

Olfactory testing is used as a biomarker for early diagnostic testing against neurodegenerative diseases