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NeuroEndocrine 3 > Hypothalamic Pituitary relationship and Biofeedback Pt1 > Flashcards

Hypothalamic Pituitary relationship and Biofeedback Pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

Due to the anatomical location of the pituitary, what makes tumors in this area detremental

A

the expansion of the tumor can put pressure on the optic nerve and cause visual problems, dizziness

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2
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

A

the Hypophysial stalk

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3
Q

What are the anatomical names of the Anterior and posterior pituitary

A

Anterior pituitary is the (adenohypophysis)
-Epithelial portion of the pituitary

Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
-Neural portion of the pituitary
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4
Q

WHat is the posterior pituitary derived from and what are the 2 nucleus that send axons here and what do they secrete

A

Derived from neural tissue

has axons from the Supraoptic nucleus and the Paraventricular nucleus

SON: secretes ADH

PVN: secretes Oxytocin

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5
Q

What does the anterior pituitary secrete and what connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

A

ACTH

TSH

FSH

LH

GH

Prolactin

connected to the hypothalams via the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood vessels

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6
Q

what are the connections between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary and the hypothalaums and the anterior pituitary

A

hypothalumus to the Posterior Pituitary: are neural

hypothalumus to the anterior Pituitary: are neural and endocrine

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7
Q

The hypothalamus releases what to act on what in the anterior pituitary that causes secretion of what hormone? TRH

A

hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

act on the thyrotophs in the anterior pituitary

they release TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone

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8
Q

The hypothalamus releases what to act on what in the anterior pituitary that causes secretion of what hormone? CRF

A

Hypothalamus releases Corticotropin releasing hormone

act on the corticotrophs

they then secrete ACTH

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9
Q

The hypothalamus releases what to act on what in the anterior pituitary that causes secretion of what hormone? GnRH

A

Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone

acts on the gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary

release LH and FSH

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10
Q

The hypothalamus releases what to act on what in the anterior pituitary that causes secretion of what hormone? GHRH

A

hypothalamus releases Growth hormone releasing hormone

acts on the somatotrophs

release Growth hormone

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11
Q

The hypothalamus releases what to act on what in the anterior pituitary that causes secretion of what hormone? Somatostatin (GHIH)

A

hypothalamus releases Somatostatin

acts on somatotrophs

inhibits the release of Growth hormone

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12
Q

The hypothalamus releases what to act on what in the anterior pituitary that causes secretion of what hormone? PIF (dopamine)

A

Hypothalamus releases prolactin inhibiting hormone or dopamine

acts on the lactotrophs

inhibits the secretion of PRL or Prolactin

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13
Q

The hypothalamus releases what to act on what in the anterior pituitary that causes secretion of what hormone? TRH

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH

acts on the Lactotrophs

causes the release of PRL prolactin

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14
Q

what are the primary, secondary, and teritary disorders in the endocrine axis

A

primary endorine disorder: low or high levels of hormone due to a defect in the peripheral endocrine gland

Secondary endocrine disorder: low or high levels of hormone due to defect in the pituitary gland

Tertiary endocrine disorder: low or high levels of hormone due to defect in the hypothalamus

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15
Q

What are the 5 anterior pituitary axes

A 
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonad
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Liver
Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Prolactin
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-THyroid
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
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16
Q

In males, what cells does LH act on, what does that cell release and what kind of feedback is generated

A

GNRH released by the hypothalamus which acts on the anterior Pituitary releases LH acts on Leydig cell
which then releases Testosterone
which serves as a negative feedback to the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

17
Q

In males what does FSH act on, what does that cell release and what is the feedback generated

A

GnRH released by the hypothalalmus which acts on the Anterior pituitary releasing FSH
acts on sertoli cell which promotes spermatogenesis and releasing androgen binding protein
Inhibin is also released as a negative feedback on to the anterior pituitary

18
Q

in females what does FSH and LH act on, what does that cell do and what is the feedback generated

A

the GnRH is released by the hypothalamus which acts on the pituitary which releases LH that acts on Theca cells releasing androgens

the FSH acts on the Granulosa cell to release progestins and estrogen

the negative feedback is the estrogen, inhibin, and progestins

unless their is ovulation then the enstrogen promotes a positive feedback

19
Q

What is acromegaly

A

Rare disease

excessive growth of soft tissue cartilage and bone in the face hands and feet

cardiomegaly, organmegaly
hyperglycemia

due to prolonged and excessive secretion of growth hormone in adult life

20
Q

What is the axes of Growth hormone

A

Hypothalamus releases GHRH

acts on somatotropes to produce GH

Targets the liver and the bone

at the liver it binds a GH receptor and creates a JAK-STAT signaling creating release of IGF-1 to promote growth

IGF-1 (somatomedin C) and Somatostatin (GHIH) serve as negative feedback on anterior pituitary

21
Q

WHat are the direct actions of GH

A

binds directly to bones and muscle

Hypertrophy: increase size of cells
Hyperplasia: increase cell reproduction
increase glycogen and fat breakdown as well as increase of protein synthesis

22
Q

What are the indirect actions of GH

A

signals to liver to produce IGF (insulin like growth factors)

targets every cell in the body

promotes hypertropy and hyperplasia

23
Q

What is the function of ghrelin

A

Gastric fundal cells promote release of GH

24
Q

What happens in a Growth hormone insensitivity and treatment

A

Lots of GH

but the liver is not producing very much IGF-1

therefore no negative feedback on GH

use Mecasermin

25
Q

What happens in Secondary deficiency in the HPGh what is a treatment

A

No release of GH from the anterior Pituitary therefore low GH and Low IGF-1 but normal to high GHRH

use GH replacement: somatotropin, somatrem

26
Q

What happens in Tertiary deficiency in the HPGh what is a treatment

A

lack of production of GHRH and Ghrelin from the hypothalamus therefore
low GH
low IGF-1
Normal Somatostatin

use Semorelin as treatment (mimics GHRH)

27
Q

What is the Difference between Gigantism and Acromegaly

A

for Gigantism: excessive growth hormone before closure of bone epiphyses via IGF-1

for Acromegaly: excessive growth hormone after closure of bone epiphyses due to promotion of growth of deep organs and cartilaginous tissue

28
Q

how does carbohydrate and protein intake impact Growth

A

sufficient carbohydrates and protein: liver will produce IGF-1 leading to Mitogenesis, lypolysis and differentiation

lack of protein: GH is inhibited and the liver wont produce IGF-1 leading to lipogenesis and Carbohydrate storage…weight gain

Lack of carbohydrates: increase GH and IGF-1 leading to Lipolysus, ketogenic metabolism, diabetogenic
due to GH raising blood glucose can lead to insulin insensitivity

29
Q

how to diagnosis of Acromegaly

A

Delevated serum GH and IGF-1 levels

Failure to suppress GH production in response to an oral load of glucose

30
Q

How does GH fluctuate during the day and through our lifetime

A

Primarily during sleep and peaks with exercise

also is elevated during childhood especially puberty

nonexistent in elderly years

31
Q

What synthesizes Prolactin and when does this secretion begin,

A

Synthesized by the lactotropes and secretion begins to increase the 5th week of pregnancy

32
Q

What does the prolactin suppress

A

GnRH which is used ti inhibit LH and FSH

therefore it suppresses the reproduction function and suppresses sexual drive

33
Q

What are stimulatory factors of PRL

A 
Pregnancy (estrogen)
Breast feeding (suckling)
Sleep
Stress
TRH
34
Q

What are inhibitory factors of PRL

A

Dopamine
Dopamine agonists
Somatostatin
Prolactin via negative feedback

35
Q

What is significant about a pituitary adenoma

A

they release an active hormone in excessive amounts into the bloodstream

36
Q

What are the actions of Oxytocin

A

Milk ejection
Uterine contraction
-stimulated by dilation of cervix or orgasm

NeuroEndocrine 3 (17 decks)

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