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NeuroEndocrine 3 > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three things that control Hormonal release

A

Humoral stimuli: release controlled by monitoring levels of ions and nutrients in blood and body fluids

Neuronal Stimuli: release stimulated by nerve signals

Hormonal stimuli: Release caused by a hormone secreted into the bloodstream by another endocrine organ or gland

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2
Q

What are the direct targets of the Hypothalamic hormones

A

anterior pituitary gland

kidney and uterus (via the releasing of ADH and oxytocin in the posterior pituitary)

Adrenal medulla (via sympathetic innervation)

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3
Q

What are the indirect targets of the hypothalamic hormones

A

via the tropic (inhibiting and releasing) hormones

done through the anterior pituitary gland

influences:
Thyroid gland
Adrenal cortex
mammary gland
Gonads
Bone and other organs
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4
Q

What are the 5 microscopic apperacnes of the Pituitary

A 
Pars Distalis 
Pars Nervosa
Pars Tuberalis
Pars Intermedia
Cyst intermedia
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5
Q

WHat are the 5 major cell types of the anterior pituitary

A 
Somatotropic cells
Thyrotropic cells
Corticotropic cells
Gonadotropic cells
Mammotropic cells
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6
Q

What is the function of: Somatotropic cells

A

Secrete growth hormone

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7
Q

What is the function of: Thyrotropic cells

A

Secrete thyroid stimulating hormone that regulates thyroid gland secretion

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8
Q

What is the function of: Cortcotropic cells

A

Secrete adrenocorticoidtropic hormone (ACTH) and Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete stress related hormones and mediate metabolism

MSH stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

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9
Q

What is the function of: Gonadotropic cells

A

Secrete follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone to act on the gonads

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10
Q

What is the function of: Mammotropic cells

A

Secrete prolactin that stimulates milk production

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11
Q

what are herring bodies

A

Found in the Pars Nervosa

expanded axonal nerve terminals storing ADH and Oxytocin

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12
Q

How many capillary beds are in the anterior pituitary

A

2

the hypothalamus releases hormones into the primary capillary plexus which acts on the anterior pituitary

then the anterior pituitary releases its hormones into the secondary plexus that targets specific glands in the body

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13
Q

What does the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin do

A

Antidiuretic Hormone: Targets the kidney and regulates sodium and water retention

Oxytocin: Targets uterine smooth muscle and stimulates lactation and induces birth, may also be involved in sexual arousal and pair and social bonding

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14
Q

What does the colloid contain in the thyroid

A

COntains thyroglobulin, a storage form of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4

only gland to store hormone outside of the cell

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15
Q

What does Parafollicular C cells do

A

Lie just outside of the follicles

secrete calcitonin when blood levels of calcium are high

lowers circulating calcium by:

stimulating Calcium secretion by kidneys

decreases the calcium releasing activity of osteoclasts

increases osteogenesis by osteoblasts

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16
Q

Graves Disease

A

abnormal stimulating TSH receptors causing oversecretion of T3 and T4

elevated metabolism, sweating, rapid heart rate, weight loss, eyeballs protrude

more common in females

17
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

insuffcient T3 and T4 production and often an autoimmune disease causing follicle cell death

symptoms: low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, chilliness, edema, mental sluggish ness

treated with synthetic T3/T4

18
Q

Goiters

A

Thyroid Enlargement

due to iodine deficiency

follicle cells keep producing thyroglobulin but cannont iodinate it to make TH

19
Q

Purpose of the Parathyroid gland

A

small oval glands found on posterior surface of the thyroid gland

releases parathyroid hormone

regulates calcium and phosphate levels

20
Q

what are the two cells in the Parathyroid gland and what are their function

A

Chief (principle cells): release Parathyroid hormone

Oxyphil cells: Function unknown

21
Q

How does Parathyroid hormone physiologically affect calcium

A

Stimulates osteoclast resorb of bone and release its calcium stores

increases calcium retention by the kidneys

stimulates kidney to convert an inactive form of Vitamin D to calcitriol (active form)

Calcitriol increases calcium absorption by the intestines

22
Q

What are the 4 layers of the adrenal cortex

A

Capsule

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

23
Q

What is produced in the Zona glomerulosa

A

Mineral corticoids produce aldosterone

-used in response to low blood pressure or blood volume and it influences potassium and sodium

controlled by renin and angiotensin system

24
Q

what is produced in the Zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids
under the control of ACTH

influence glcose metabolism and immune system

produce cortisol

deals with stress and mediates glucose metabolism and serves as a negative feedback system for the immune system

the zona reticularis also releases some cortisol

25
Q

What is the function of: Zona reticularis

A

influence secondary sex characteristics by releasing androgens

26
Q

WHat is found in the adrenal medulla and what does it release

A

inner core of the adrenal gland

contains chromaffin cells that produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

27
Q

Addisons disease

A

hyposecretory disorder usually in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

blood glucose and sodium levels drop there is severe dehydration and low blood pressure along with fatigue and loss of appetite

autoimmune disease die to inherited metabolic disease

28
Q

Cushings syndrome

A

due to hypersecretion of glucocorticoids because of either an ACTH secreting pituitary tumor or a tumor in the adrenal cortex

high glucose levels
protein loss in muscles
muscle weakness
and lethargy

swollen face, buffalo hump, weight gain, sweating, depression of immune system

29
Q

in the pancreas what are the two types of structures

A

pancreatic acini: containe exocrine cells

pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans: containe endocrine cells

30
Q

What are the 4 types of Endocrine cells and what do they release for what purpose

A

ALpha cells: secrete glucagon

Beta cells: secrete insulin

Delta cells: secrete somatostatin which slows the release of insulin and glucagon helping controll the rate of nutrient entry into the bloodstream

Fcells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide that inhibit the release of somatostatin

31
Q

Blood supply to the pancrease

A

Insuloacinar portal system for the islet of langerhans

acinar vascular system for the pancreatic acini

NeuroEndocrine 3 (17 decks)

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