Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NeuroEndocrine 3 > Introduction to Endocrine > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of hormone signaling

A

endocrine: send a hormone through the bloodstream
autocrine: hormone is signalled on itsself
paracrine: cell signals onto a cell next to it
Neurocrine: a nerve sends hormone through the blood stream to a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are a couple hormones modified by peripheral conversion

A

Angiotensin II and Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A 
TRH Thyrotropin releasing hormone
CRH Corticotropin releasing hormone
GnRH Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Somatostatin
Dopamine or prolactin inhibiting factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone

FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

LH - Luteinizing hormone

ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

MSH - Melanocyte - stimulating hormone

Growth hormone

Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hormones released by the Thyroid

A

Triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4)

Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hormones released by the Parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hormones released by the Adrenal Cortex

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
and Anderostenedione
(adrenal androgens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hormones released by the testes

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hormones released by the ovaries

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormones released by the Corpus Luteum

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hormones released by the Placenta

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

Human Placental lactogen (hPL)

Estriol

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hormones released by the Pancreas

A

Insulin (beta cells)

Glucagon (alpha cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hormones released by the Kidney

A

Renin

1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hormones released by the Adrenal Medulla

A

Norepinephrine

Epinepherine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three general classes of hormones

A

Protein/peptide hormones:

  • stored in vesicles
  • greater than 100 a.a are proteins
  • smaller than 100 a.a are peptides
  • water soluable

Steroid hormones:

  • synthesized from cholestrol
  • lipid soluable
  • not stored

Amines:
-derived from tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the process of Protein and peptide hormone synthesis

A

synthesized as non functional prepprohormone

modified in ER to prohormone and then packed into vesicles

once needed they are cleaved by a proteoytic enzyme to form a functional hormone

then stored in vesicle until endocrine cell stimulus causes release
-increased cAMP and PKA activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the steroid hormones and what are they derived from

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, testosterone, and 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol

derived from cholesterol

modifications via the addition or removal of side chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the amine hormones derived from and what are the two groups

A

Tyrosine

Catecholamines:

  • synthesized in cytosol and secretory granules
  • act through cell membrane associated receptors
  • cant cross cell membrane

THyroid hormones:

  • synthesized by thyroid gland stored as thyroglobulin in follicles
  • can cross the cell membrane and acts on a nuclear receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the correlation of a hormones protein binding percentage, plasma half life, and Metabolic clearance

A

the higher the Protein binding percentage the longer the plasma half life of the hormone and the slower its clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is endocrine positive feedback

A

some feature of the hormone action causes additional secretion of the hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is endocrine negative feedback

A

some feature of the hormone action inhibits the further secretion of the hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a long loop feedback

A

Hormone released from the 3rd tier (peripheral endocrine) feeds all the way back to the 1st (hypothalamus) and 2nd tier (pituitary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a short loop feedback

A

Hormone secreted from the 2nd tier back to the 1st tier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ultra short loop feedback

A

gland inhibits its own secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are three major neuronal inputs that regulate the hypothalamus

A 
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
- impose a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hormones

Pineal gland:
-releases melatonin which feedbacks to the SCN information about day and night

Physiological stress influences the release of hormones from the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Up regulation of the receptor ligand interaction

A

increase the number of receptors or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are low

  • increase the synthesis of new receptors
  • decrease the degradation of existing receptors
  • activating receptors
28
Q

Down regulation of receptor ligand interaction

A

Reduce the receptor numbers or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are high

  • decrease in receptor synthesis
  • increase degradation of existing receptors
  • Inactivating/desensitizing receptors
29
Q

How can responsiveness to for the ligand receptor hormone interaction

A

change the number of receptors

change the affinity of the receptors for the hormone

30
Q

what hormones use Adenylyl cyclase and what is the 2nd messenger and secondary effector

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH and glucagon

2nd mesenger is cAMP

2nd effector is the Protein Kinase A

31
Q

what hormones use the Phospholipase C and what is the 2nd messenger and effector

A

GnRH, TRH, oxytocin

2nd messenger: IP3/DAG/Ca2+

Secondary effector: PKC or calmodulin

32
Q

What are the two types of Tyrosine kinases and what are some hormones that use them

A

Receptor Tyrosine kinases

  • intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
  • Nerve growth factor (NGF)
  • Insulin

Tyrosine kinase associated receptors:

  • associate non covalent to proteins that have kinase activity
  • Growth hormones
33
Q

What is the function of: Thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

stimulation of TSH and prolactin

34
Q

What is the function of: Corticotropin releasing hormone

A

Stimulates the secretion of ACTH

35
Q

What is the function of: Gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH

36
Q

What is the function of: Somatostatin or SRIF

A

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone

37
Q

What is the function of: Dopamine or PIF

A

inhibits the secretion of prolactin

38
Q

What is the function of: Growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH

A

Stimulates secretion of growth hormone

39
Q

What is the function of: Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

40
Q

What is the function of: Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates sperm maturation in sertoli cells of testes

stimulates follicular development and estrogen sythesis in ovaries

41
Q

What is the function of: Luteinizing hormone

A

Stimulates testosterone synthesis in leydig cells of testes
Stimlates ovulation formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone
synthesis in ovaries

42
Q

What is the function of: Growth hormone

A

Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

43
Q

What is the function of: Prolactin

A

Stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

44
Q

What is the function of: ACTH

A

stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, aldosterone)

45
Q

What is the function of: MSH

A

stimulates melanin synthesis

46
Q

What is the function of: Oxytocin

A

stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions

47
Q

What is the function of: Antidiuretic hormone

A

Stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

48
Q

What is the function of: T3 and T4

A 
Stimulates skeletal growth
oxygen consumption
heat production
protein fat and carbohydrate utilization
Perinatal maturation of the CNS
49
Q

What is the function of: calcitonin

A

Decrease serum Ca+

50
Q

What is the function of: PTH

A

Increase serum Ca+

51
Q

What is the function of: Cortisol (gluccorticoid)

A

Stimulates gluconeogenesis
inhibits inflammatory response
suppresses immune response
enhances vasclar responsiveness to catecholmines

52
Q

What is the function of: Aldosterone (mineralcorticoids)

A

Increase renal Na+ reabsorption
renal K+ secretion
and H+ secretion

53
Q

What is the function of: DHEA (adrenal androgens)

A

stimulates secondary sex characteristics

54
Q

What is the function of: Testosterone

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis

stimulates male secondary characteristics

55
Q

What is the function of: Estradiol

A 
Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system
follicular phase of mestrual cycle
development of breasts
Prolactin secretion
maintains pregnancy
56
Q

What is the function of: Progesterone

A

Stimulates luteal phase of menstraul cycle

maintains pregnancy

57
Q

What is the function of: Human chorionic gonadotropin

A

Stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy

58
Q

What is the function of: Human placental lactogen

A

Has growth hormone and prolactin like actions during pregnancy

59
Q

What is the function of: insulin

A

decrease blood glucose

60
Q

What is the function of: glucagon

A

increase blood glucose

61
Q

What is the function of: renin

A

catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

62
Q

What is the function of: 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

A

increase intestinal absoprtion of Ca+ and bone mineralization

63
Q

WHat hormones use the Adenyl cyclase mechanism

A 
ACTH
LH
FSH
TSH
ADH
HCG
MSH
CRH
Calcitonin
PTH
Glucagn
B1 and B2 receptors
64
Q

What hormones use the Phospholipase C mechanism

A 
GnRH
TRH
GHRH
Angiotensin II
ADH
Oxytocin
A1 receptors
65
Q

What hormones use the steroid Hormone mechanism

A 
GLucocorticoids
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Aldosterone
1, 25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol
Thyroid hormones
66
Q

What hormones use the Tyrosine kinase mechanism

A

Insulin
IGF-1
Growth hormone
Prolactin

67
Q

what hormones use the Guanylate Cyclase Mechanism

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Nitric oxide

NeuroEndocrine 3 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions