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MOD 1 Quiz 1 > Physiology of Aging > Flashcards

Physiology of Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for aging is?

A

senescence

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2
Q

Is senescence universal?

A

no
Prokaryotes do not
only multicellular organisms that undergo somatic cell differentiation

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3
Q

Is senescence in humans slowly happening and unavoidable?

A

yes

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4
Q

Rapid senescence?

A

deterioration after maturation/ reproduction

invertebrates, annual plants, pacific salmon

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5
Q

Gradual senescence?

A

slow but persistance senescence

placental mammmals including humans

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6
Q

Negligible senescence?

A

trees, some reptiles, fish

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7
Q

Stochastic (random error) theory?

A

a potential cause of aging

Accumulation of random damage

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8
Q

examples of accumulation of random damage?

A

somatic mutation such as from ionizing radiation, lack of dna repair mechanisms, cross-linking of intra and extracellular matrix components, glycosylation of proteins resulting in inability to perform primary functions, free radical damage

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9
Q

neuroendocrine theory?

A

holds that degeneration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine axis is central to aging

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10
Q

evidence of neuroendocrine theory?

A

growth, onsent of puberty, reproduction, menopause, metabolism

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11
Q

immunologic theory?

A

based on observations of decline of immune system with age

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12
Q

example of immunologic decline?

A

decreased t cell response, increased risk of infections, autoimmune responses against self

maybe a secondary aging phenomenon

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13
Q

cellular (replicative) senescence?

A

finite number of replications

noncoding regions of DNA sequences called telomeres which grow shorter on the end of chromosomes with every replication

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14
Q

telomerase?

A

enzyme that can maintain telomere length

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15
Q

p53 transcription factor?

A

blocks proliferation of damaged cells

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16
Q

can some tumors/ malignant cells express telomerase?

A

yes, enabling them to replicate an infinite number of times

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17
Q

Presbyopia?

A

increasing stiffness (loss of accomodation) of the lend of the eye

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18
Q

Opacification of the lens

A

cataracts

results in decreased visual acuity

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19
Q

Antioxidant regimen that may be beneficial in preventing and treating ARMD?

A

500 mg vit C, 400 IU vit E, 15 mg beta carotene, 80 mg zinc as zinc oxide, 2 mg cupric oxide

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20
Q

Dry macular degeneration vs wet?

A

less severe

untreatable

21
Q

prebycusis?

A

hearing loss of aging
decrease high frequency acuity
results in difficulty hearing to deafness

22
Q

etiology of prebycusis?

A

loss of cochlea and auditory nerves not in the middle ear

23
Q

4 age changes of cardiovascular system?

A

decrease arterial compliance
decrease beta andrenergic responsiveness
decrease baroreceptor sensitivity
decrease sinus node automaticity

24
Q

changes in cv system result in?

A

systolic hypertension
low cardiac output and bp response to stress
impaired bp response to standing and hypovalemia
arrythmias
CHF

25
Q

Describe the aging heart

A

loss of myocytes
fibrosis increases
parasympathetic neurons decrase hence use of atropine has less effect on heart effect
sclerosis and calcification of heart valves occur

26
Q

Describe vascular aging?

A

irregularities of size and shape of endothelial cells, fragmentation of elastin in internal elastic and media, increased lumen diameter, vessel length, wall thickness, collagen increases, cross linking (esp in subendothelium), decreased basal and stim NO production, increase in systolic and pulse pressure, independent of cholesterol, non-inflammatory, uniform in all large arteries

27
Q

Most common valve problem?

A

stenotic aortic valve

28
Q

Aging impact on Lung function?

A

lower maximal expiratory flows
lower diffusing capacity
lower P02 and Sp02 as a consequnce of V/Q mismatch
lower respiratory muscle strength and endurance
stiffer chest wall
increase lung tissue compliance (less recoil)
reduced respiratory drive

29
Q

5 things with aging respiratory system?

A 
decrease lung elasticity
decrease rate of diffusion
increase chest wall stiffness
decrease cough reflex
results in: decrease resting p02, increased risk of aspiration and infection
30
Q

Aging Respiratory impact on individual?

A

less exercise capacity
higher susceptibility to pulmonary disease
higher incidence of respiratory tract infections
use of cough reflex to clear secretions due to decrease ciliary action

31
Q

Tooth loss?

A

dependent on disease (periodontal infections and carries) rather than pure aging process

32
Q

Aging GI system?

A 
decreased hepatic function
decreased gastric acidity
decreased colonic mobility
decreased sensitivity of taste buds
Results in:
 delayed metabolism of some drugs, constipation, poor appetitie- malnutrition
33
Q

Taste and eating habits are good indicators of?

A

aging vs medically compromise

34
Q

Most changes of function/ structure of upper GI tract in elderly are result of?

A

path changes secondary to disease not aging alone

35
Q

Physiology that does not change with age?

A

esophageal function persists until very advanced age
incidence of reflux is stable but the duration of each reflux episode is longer
gastric emptying of solids remains stable although liquid emptying is prolonged
small bowel transit times remain stable

36
Q

Aging renal system?

A

decrease GFR (10 percent per decade after 50)
results in:
delayed clearance of some drugs
decrease in urine concetration/ dilution ability

37
Q

Kidney mass peak?

A

4th decade

`

38
Q

decline in renal function accompanied by?

A

thickening of basement membrane
messangial expansion
focal glomerulosclerosis

39
Q

Skin changes in aging?

A 
thinning of epidemis and dermis
atrophy of subcutaneous adipose tissue
decreased vascularity
decreased oil and sweat production
results in:
 bruising, skin tears, pressure sores
40
Q

Skin lesions?

A

not normal aging

41
Q

Eczema?

A

common

42
Q

Aging MSK system?

A 
decrease muscle mass
decrease bone density
results in:
 decrease strength and endurance
 osteopenia/ osteoporosis
43
Q

skeletal scenscence?

A

decrease bone mass
decrease bone strength
increase risk of fractures

44
Q

skeletal m aging results in?

A

limited ability to climb stairs, rise from chair
increase risk of falling
contributes to heat and cold intolerance

45
Q

rate of decline in skeletal m? (weak vs conditioned)

A

similar in both, exercise however will produce increased short term endurance

46
Q

Aging cartilage?

A

decrease cartilage hydration
smaller proteoglycans, same number, increase cross linking
reduced proliferation of chondrocytes and reduced metabolic activity

47
Q

Aging brain/ nervous system?

A 
decrease brain size (atrophy)
decrease NT, catechol and dopamine
decrease righting reflex
decrease stage 4 sleep
impaired thermal regulation
results in:
 slower speed of memory and calculation
 stiffer gait
 increased body sway
 insomnia
 lower body temp at rest
48
Q

Nervous system aging

A 
decreased brain weight
decreased cortical cell count
neuronal loss
decline NT productions
loss of synaptic receptors
decline cerebral metabolism
decline # of mitochondria have been observed in aging synaptic cells
49
Q

Central, Motor, and Sensory NS

A 
increase motor response time
slower pyschomotor performance
decrease intellectual performance
decrease complex learning
decreased hour of REM and total sleep

MOD 1 Quiz 1 (15 decks)

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