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System 1: Respiratory AM > Physiology: Haemoglobin and Gas Transport > Flashcards

Physiology: Haemoglobin and Gas Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood transport from lungs into tissues?

A

O2

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2
Q

What does blood transport as a waste product from tissues to the lungs?

A

CO2

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3
Q

How much O2 can be dissolved in a 1L of plasma?

A

3ml of oxygen

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4
Q

What aids the carrying of oxygen ability in blood?

A

Haemoglobin in red blood cells

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5
Q

How much O2 can be dissolve in blood with RBC containing Haemoglobin?

A

200ml/ L

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6
Q

Is arterial partial pressure of O2 = to arterial concentration/ content of O2?

A

No

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7
Q

Why is arterial partial pressure of O2 not = to arterial concentration/ content of O2?

A

Partial arterial pressure of O2 only refers to O2 in the plasma solution

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8
Q

Why do gases not travel in gaseous phase through blood?

A

As an air embolism may occur

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9
Q

How much much of the arterial O2 extracted by peripheral tissues at rest?

A

25%

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10
Q

What partial pressure of arterial blood equal too?

A

Oxygen pressure within the plasma solution

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11
Q

How much of the oxygen in blood bound to haemoglobin?

A

98%

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12
Q

How many oxygen molecules bind to 1 haemoglobin?

A

4

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13
Q

What is the most prevalent haemoglobin in RBC?

A

HbA

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14
Q

What are the types of haemoglobin in RBC?

A 
HbA
HbF
HbA2
HbA1a
HbA1b
HbA1c
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15
Q

What is the fundamental determinant of how saturated haemoglobin is saturated with oxygen?

A

Partial Pressure of Oxygen in arterial blood

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16
Q

What allows oxygen to be extracted from alveoli into arterial blood?

A

Partial Pressure gradient between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

17
Q

What maintains the partial pressure gradient in blood?

A

Hb taking O2 from the plasma and Hb is saturated

18
Q

When does the haemoglobin saturation fall below 90%?

A

When PaO2 is under 60mmHg

19
Q

What other forms of haemoglobin have a higher affinity of O2?

A 
Myoglobin 
Foetal Haemoglobin (HbF)
20
Q

Why do myoglobin and HbF have a higher affinity for O2 than HbA?

A

As they need to extract O2 from maternal blood or require high amount of O2 due to high activity

21
Q

Define the condition Anaemia?

A

Condition where oxygen carrying capacity of blood is compromised

22
Q

What can cause anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency
Haemorrhage
Vitamin B12 deficiency

23
Q

What Chemical factors affect Haemoglobin Affinity?

A

pH - more alkaline higher affinity, more acidic less affinity
PCO2 - less CO2 higher affinity for O2
Temp - lower temp higher affinity
DPG - binding fo 2,3-DPG decreases affinity

24
Q

What is 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) produced by?

A

Erythrocytes

25
Q

When does 2,3-DPG increase?

A

When low O2 supply

26
Q

Why is Carbon Monoxide Toxic?

A

Haemoglobin has a higher affinity to CO than O2

27
Q

What are the symptoms to carbon monoxide poisoning? (6)

A 
Hypoxia and Anaemia 
Nausea and Headaches
Cherry Red Skin 
Mucous Membrane 
RR not affected due to normal PCO2
Brain Damage and Death
28
Q

What is the definition of Hypoxia?

A

Inadequate supply of O2 to tissues

29
Q

What are the 5 main Types of Hypoxia?

A 
Hypoxaemic - most common
Anaemic
Stagnant 
Histotoxic
Metabolic
30
Q

What is Hypoxaemic Hypoxia?

A

Reduced O2 diffusion at lungs due to decreased PO2atmos or tissue pathology

31
Q

What is Anaemic Hypoxia?

A

Reduced O2 carrying capacity of blood due to anaemia

32
Q

What is Stagnant Hypoxia?

A

Heart Disease causing insufficient pumping of blood around the body

33
Q

What is Histotoxic Hypoxia?

A

Poisoning of cells stopping O2 being delivered to them

34
Q

What is Metabolic Hypoxia?

A

O2 delivery to tissues does not meet demand

35
Q

How is CO2 transported through blood?

A
  1. CO2 diffuses from tissue to blood
  2. 7% dissolves in the erythrocytes and plasma
  3. 23% combines with deoxyhaemoglobin in erythrocytes to form carbamino compounds
  4. 70% combines with water in the RBC’s to form carbonic acid which then further dissociates to form bicarbonate and H+ ions. Bicarbonate leaves erythrocytes in exchange from Cl- due the chloride shift and H+ ions binds to deoxyhaemoglobin.
    Reverse occurs at pulmonary capillaries
36
Q

How is pH of blood kept stable?

A

All CO2 produces is eliminated by air

37
Q

What happens to pH of plasma when Hypoventilation occurs?

A

Causes CO2 retention increasing H+ ion concentration causing Respiratory Acidosis

38
Q

What happens to the pH of plasma when Hyperventilation occurs?

A

Releases more CO2 decreasing the concentration of H+ ions and causing Respiratory Alkalosis

System 1: Respiratory AM (7 decks)

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