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System 1: Respiratory AM > Physiology: Control of Ventilation > Flashcards

Physiology: Control of Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerves are stimulated in ventilation?

A

Stimulation from skeletal muscles of inspiration - ie the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm and intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles

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2
Q

Where are the respiratory control centres?

A

Pons and the medulla

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3
Q

Is respiration subconscious?

A

Normally yes however can be voluntarily modulated

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4
Q

Where does signalling to the respiratory system occur on the spinal cord?

A

C3-5

C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm a alive

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5
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory centres?

A

Set automatic rhythm by co-ordinating firing smooth and repetitive action potentials in the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) which travel to the inspiratory muscles

Adjusting the rhythm to stimuli

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6
Q

What modulates the Respiratory Centres?

A
  1. Emotion (Limbic System)
  2. Voluntary Over-ride (Higher brain centres)
  3. Mechano-sensory input from thorax (stretch sensitive)
  4. Chemical composition of blood (chemoreceptors)
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7
Q

What is the most significant modulator of respiratory centres?

A

Chemoreceptor input

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8
Q

What does the Dorsal Respiratory Group of neurons (DRG) supply?

A

Inspiratory muscles through phrenic and intercostal nerves

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9
Q

What does the Ventral Respiratory Group of neurons (VRG) supply?

A

Tongue
Pharynx
Larynx
Expiratory Muscles

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of Chemoreceptors?

A

Peripheral (Secondary Ventilatory Control) and Central (Primary Ventilatory Control)

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11
Q

Where are the Central Chemoreceptors found?

A

Medulla

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12
Q

What do Central Chemoreceptors Detect?

A

Changes in H+ concentration in CSF of the brain

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13
Q

What does a rise of H+ ions caused by raised PCO2 ie hypercapea?

A

Stimulates Ventilation

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14
Q

Does Ventilation directly respond to changes H+ concentration in plasma?

A

No

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15
Q

Can CO2 cross the blood brain barrier?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Can H+ cross the blood brain barrier?

A

No

17
Q

How do central chemoreceptors monitor partial arterial pressure of CO2?

A

The monitor PCO2 indirectly

18
Q

What products are formed when CO2 crosses the blood brain barrier?

A

Bicarbonate and H+

The receptors respond to H+

19
Q

What does increased arterial PCO2 do the ventilation?

A

Increases Ventilation Rate

20
Q

What does decreased arterial PCO2 do to ventilation?

A

Slows Ventilation Rate

21
Q

Define the condition Hypoxic Drive?

A

De-sensitivity to PCO2 and instead relys on PO2 to stimulate ventilation

22
Q

What Disease can cause hypoxic drive?

A

Chronic Lung Disease due to the elevated PCO2

23
Q

Where are the Peripheral Chemoreceptors found?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

24
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in arterial PO2 (ie arterial oxygen pressure not total oxygen content) and H+ concentration (related to PCO2 in arteries)

25
Q

How do Peripheral Chemoreceptors have an effect of ventilation?

A

Reflex stimulation of ventilation after a fall of PO2 or rise in H+ concentration

26
Q

How does a fall in plasma pH affect ventilation?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors detect increase [H+] and ventilation will be stimulated due to acidosis

27
Q

How does increase in plasma pH affect ventilation?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors detect decrease in [H+] (through vomiting) and ventilation will be inhibited due to alkalosis

28
Q

How can we control our breathing?

A

Neural pathway from cerebral cortex to Resp motor neurons allows voluntary control

29
Q

Are we able to overide our involuntary control?

A

No due to our chemoreceptors take primary control

30
Q

When is ventilation reflexly inhibited?

A

Increase in PO2 in arteries and decrease in arterial PCO2 causing Hyperventilation

31
Q

What does breathing in CO2 into our lungs cause to our body?

A

Bodies are programmed to get rid of CO2 therefore increased alveolar partial pressure of CO2 decreases pressure gradient and therefore increased arterial pressure of CO2 causing high distress

32
Q

What is more uncomfortable, high PaCO2 and normal PaO2, or low PaO2 and No PaCO2?

A

High PaCO2 and normal PaO2 as your body is made to get rid of CO2

33
Q

What happens respiration during swallowing?

A

Respiration is inhibited and is followed by expiration to remove any left over food going down the epiglottis

34
Q

Name some drugs that have an effect on the Resp System

A

Barbiturates and opioids - depress Resp system

Anaesthetic agents increase RR

Nitrous Oxide (NO) blunts peripheral chemoreceptors response to PaO2 falling

35
Q

Why shouldn’t NO be used on patients who have chronic Lung Disease?

A

As the patients rely on hypoxic drive

System 1: Respiratory AM (7 decks)

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