Physiology - grand tour of alimentary canal

Question 1

4 functions of the digestive system

Answer 1

Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Motility

Question 2

Oesophagus function

Answer 2

Connects mouth and stomach

Question 3

Stomach function (4)

Answer 3

1. Digest proteins;
2. Food reduced to liquid form;
3. storage;
4. sterilisation

Question 4

Pancreas function

Answer 4

Contains digestive enzymes for digestion of fats, carbohydrates and proteins

Question 5

Liver function

Answer 5

Contains bile salts for digesting/absorbing fats in small intestine

Question 6

Gallbladder function

Answer 6

Stores and concentrates bile

Question 7

Small intestine function

Answer 7

Final stages of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Question 8

Large intestine function

Answer 8

Water absorption, bacterial fermentation and formation of faeces

Question 9

Alimentary canal is a continuous … tube of varying …

Answer 9

Hollow tube of varying diameter

Question 10

Oesophagus to rectum length

Answer 10

8m

Question 11

4 distinctive layers of the alimentary tube wall (inside to outside)

Answer 11

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

Question 12

3 layers that make up the mucosa

Answer 12

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

Question 13

What kind of epithelium does the mouth, oesophagus and anal canal have

Answer 13

Stratified squamous

Question 14

What kind of epithelium does the stomach, small and large intestine have

Answer 14

Simple columnar

Question 15

Functions of the epithelium (of mucosa)

Answer 15

Synthesises and secretes digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus
Absorbs products of digestion

Question 16

Epithelium changes along alimentary canal because…

Answer 16

It’s adapting for function

Question 17

Lamina propria made up of…

Answer 17

Loose connective tissue (glands, blood/lymph vessels)

Question 18

Muscularis mucosae made up of…

Answer 18

Thin smooth muscle layer

Question 19

Submucosa made of what kind of tissue

Answer 19

Thick, irregular connective tissue

Question 20

What does the submucosa contain

Answer 20

Neurones, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

Question 21

Where in the alimentary tube are submucosal glands found

Answer 21

Oesophagus and duodenum

Question 22

What is the serosa/adventitia

Answer 22

Connective tissue layer of alimentary canal

Question 23

How is the serosa/adventitia (outer layer) differentiated

Answer 23

Serosa is inside peritoneal cavity
Adventitia is outside peritoneal cavity

Question 24

Adventitia function (outside peritoneal cavity)

Answer 24

Adventitia attaches oesophagus and rectum to surrounding structures

Question 25

Serosa function (inside peritoneal cavity)

Answer 25

Serosa surrounds stomach, small intestine and large intestine

Question 26

What is the muscularis externa

Answer 26

Two concentric thick layers of smooth muscle

Question 27

What type of muscle makes the inner layer of muscularis externa and what is its function to the lumen

Answer 27

Circular muscle (to constrict lumen)

Question 28

What type of muscle makes the outer layer of muscularis externa and what is its function to the tube

Answer 28

Longitudinal muscle (shortens tube)

Question 29

Muscularis externa produces motility which helps with

Answer 29

Peristalsis Segmentation

Question 30

What plexus is located between the circular and longitudinal muscle

Answer 30

Myenteric (Auerbach's)

Question 31

Submucosal + myenteric plexuses=

Answer 31

Enteric nervous sytem (ENS)

Question 32

Autonomic control of alimentary function

Answer 32

Long (parasympathetic) and short (enteric nervous system) reflexes

Question 33

Parasympathetic control of alimentary function is via what nerve + what exception

Answer 33

``` Vagus nerve (X) Except salivation which is controlled via facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)) nerves ```

Question 34

Effect of parasympathetic nervous system on secretion and motility

Answer 34

Stimulatory so increases secretion + motility

Question 35

Effect of sympathetic nervous system on secretion and motility + what exception

Answer 35

``` Inhibitory so decreases secretion + motility Except salivation (doesn't inhibit salivation) ```

Question 36

Sympathetic control of alimentary function is via what kind of nerves

Answer 36

``` Splanchnic nerves (nerves that innervate organs, they arise from thoracic, lumbar or sacral parts of spinal cord) -carry visceral efferent fibres to the organs ```

Question 37

Arterial supply to the stomach, small intestine, pancreas and liver is via ... which originates from the ...

Answer 37

Celiac trunk from descending abdominal aorta

Question 38

Arterial supply to the stomach, small intestine, caecum ascending colon and transverse colon is via ... which originates from the ...

Answer 38

Superior mesenteric artery from descending abdominal aorta

Question 39

Arterial supply to the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum is via ... which originates from the ...

Answer 39

Inferior mesenteric artery from descending abdominal aorta

Question 40

Celiac trunk supplies what part of gut + what other abdo organs (4)

Answer 40

Abdominal part of oesophagus to proximal half duodenum Liver, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 41

Superior mesenteric artery supplies...

Answer 41

distal half duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon

Question 42

Inferior mesenteric artery supplies...

Answer 42

distal 1/3 transverse colon to rectum

Question 43

Blood from stomach drains into what veins...

Answer 43

Gastric veins

Question 44

Blood from pancreas drains into what vein...

Answer 44

Splenic vein

Question 45

Blood from Small intestine, Caecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon drains into what vein...

Answer 45

Superior mesenteric vein

Question 46

Blood from Descending colon, Sigmoid colon and Rectum drains into what vein...

Answer 46

Inferior mesenteric vein

Question 47

All of these veins (gastric, splenic, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric) drain into what vein...

Answer 47

Hepatic portal vein

Question 48

Hepatic portal vein drains into what vein...

Answer 48

Hepatic vein

Question 49

Hepatic vein drains into what vein...

Answer 49

IVC