Physiology - General Flashcards
_____ fluid is found outside of the cells which includes intravascular and interstitial compartments. Accounts for 20% of all body weight.
Extracellular
____ fluid is found inside of cells.
Intracellular
______ fluid is fluid OUTSIDE cells and INSIDE blood vessels.
Intravascular
______ fluid is OUTSIDE of cells and OUTSIDE of vessels.
Interstitial
___% of fluid is interstitial.
16
____% of fluid is intravascular.
4
An adult human is comprised of ____% of water.
50-60
____ is the movement of water through semipermeable membranes.
Osmosis
In osmosis, _______ energy is needed and water moves from a ___ concentration to _________ concentration.
No; Low; High
_____ is the liquid of a solution.
Solvent
_____ is the substance within a solution.
Solute
_____ is movement of solvent.
Osmosis
Partial pressures are found?
Measuring gases dissolved in liquid
pAO2 should be?
80-100
pACO2 should be?
35-45
A _____ solution has a higher concentration of solute than that inside of the cell.
Hypertonic
A hypertonic solution causes cells to ______.
Shrink
A ____ solution is one in which the solute concentration is lower than that inside of the cell.
Hypotonic
A hypotonic solution causes cells to ____.
Swell
An _____ solution has equal molecules inside and outside of cells.
Isotonic
_____ fluid makes up 40% of total body weight.
Intracellular
Sodium bicarb and D50 are examples of ____ solutions.
Hypertonic
0.45% NS and D5W are examples of _____ solutions.
Hypotonic
____ is a bicarbonate isotonic solution.
LR
Diffusion is a ____ process.
Passive
____ moves particles from area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Diffusion
What are the two types of carrier molecules?
Proteins
Glucose
What are the two types of mediated transport?
Active
Facilitated
Active transport is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances from areas of ____ concentration to _____.
Lower; higher
Active transport works ___ gradient.
Against
Diffusion is faster than?
Osmosis
Active transport is faster than?
Diffusion
______ is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances into and out of cells from high to low concentrations.
Facilitated diffusion
Three drugs given to treat pulmonary edema
Lasix
Nitro
Morphine
_______ is the #1 plasma protein made in liver.
Albumin
What is the main function of albumin?
Prevents collapse of blood vessels and is oncotic (pulls fluid back into vessels)
Where is parasympathetic tone only found in the heart?
Atria
Where is sympathetic tone found in the heart?
Both artia and ventricles
Hydrostatic pressure is related to?
Blood pressure
Increase in hydrostatic pressure results in?
Leakage into interstitial to lungs
Pulmonary edema is a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure?
Hydrostatic
___ is a substance which is too large to cross cell membrane (EX: albumin).
Colloid
____ is a substance which can easily cross cell membrane (EX: sodium).
Crystalloid
Plasma protein albumin creates ______ pressure.
Osmotic
+1 piting edema depresses __ inches.
1/4
+2 pitting edema depresses ___ inches.
1/4 - 1/2
+3 pitting edema depresses _ inches.
1/2 - 1 inch
+4 pitting edema depresses ___ inches.
1+ inches
_____ follows osmotic gradient established by changes in sodium concentration.
Water
____ is the major extracellular cation of the body.
Sodium
Where are baroreceptors found?
Heart and great vessels.
What substances directly inhibit ADH?
Alcohol and caffeine
Release of ADH is initiated by?
Increase in plasma osmolality (increase of albumin)
Decrease in circulating blood volume
Lowered venous and arterial pressure
When are baroreceptors tripped?
With a decrease in blood pressure
Aldosterone is secreted from where in the body?
Adrenal cortex
____ are positively charged ion.
Cation
___ are negatively charged ions.
Anions
___ is the #1 extracellular anion.
Chloride
What is the most common cause of hypokalemia?
Diuretic use
Aldosterone is secreted when?
When sodium levels are low or potassium levels are high
What happens to potassium when sodium is absorbed?
Potassium is eliminated
When and where is renin secreted?
Secreted by the kidneys when perfusion in kidneys is decreased
What hormone is created secondary to renin?
Angiotension II
What is the function of angiotension II?
Vasoconstriction
What is the function of an ace inhibitor?
Ace inhibitor blocks creation of angiotension 1 & 2
Ace inhibitors end in?
Pril
Angiotension II stimulates production of?
ADH
What is first given for dehydration?
NS 0.9%
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
Why is potassium required within the body?
Electrical impulses
What are the causes of hypokalemia?
Poor absorption, vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, diuretics
What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
Weakness, dysrhythmias, decreased reflexes, faints heart sounds, hypotension, anorexia, vomiting
_____ is an increase of potassium.
Hyperkalemia
What causes hyperkalemia?
Renal failure, burns, crush injuries, infections, excessive use, acidosis
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?
Insulin
Calcium is essential for?
Neuromuscular transmission Cell membrane permeability Hormone secretion Bone growth Muscle contraction
What are the causes of hypocalcemia?
Parathyroid dysfunction, renal disease, malapsorbtion
What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Cramps, seizures, muscle twitching
What is the treatment for hypocalcemia?
Calcium chloride, vitamin D
What are the causes of hypercalcemia?
Tumors, excess vitamin D, diuretics
What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Muscle weakness, renal stones, altered mental status, bone pain
What is the treatment for hypercalcemia?
Diuresis with furosemide and NS
What is the function of magnesium?
Activates enzymes - nerve impulses
Which electrolyte “locks down” cell membranes?
Magnesium
Magnesium is given to?
Seizures, VTACH, labor contractions
Hypomagnesemia is caused by?
Alcoholism, diabetes, malabsorption, starvation, diarrhea, diuresis
What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Tremors, nausea, vomiting, confusion
What is the most effective treatment for hypermagnesemia?
Hemodialysis
Cardiac output depends on which factors?
Strength of contraction
Rate of contraction
Amount of venous return (preload)
What is preload?
Blood that fills heart from vena cavas
What is chronotropic?
Rate
What inotrophic?
Force
Preload is only affected by?
Rate and force
What are the three factors for adequate perfusion?
Rate, force, vasoconstriction
How does vasoconstriction of blood vessels affect preload?
Preload decreases
What are the negative feedback mechanisms?
Baroreceptor Chemoreceptor CNS ischemic response Hormonal Reabsorption of tissue fluids Splenic discharge of stored blood
When do baroreceptors not work?
When cold or systolic is below 50
Baroreceptors maintain which vital sign?
BP
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
Carotid and aortic bodies
True or False - Chemoreceptors regulate acid?
True
What is the adrenal-medullary mechanism?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine release
Increased heart rate and stroke volume
Vasoconstriction
What is the compensatory mechanism of the spleen?
Discharge of blood that can be released after vasoconstriction
What are the types of shock?
Hypovolemic Cardiogenic Neurogenic Anaphylactic Septic
What is an antigen?
Substance which trips immune system
What is the function of B lymphocytes?
Memory of illness
Immunoglobulins are?
Antibodies
What is IgG?
Is the #1 antibody
What is IgE?
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis)
Catecholamines stimulate?
Alpha and beta
Alpha 1 stimulates?
Vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
_____% of fluid inside the body is intracellular.
40
____% of fluid in cells is extracellular.
20
When arterial blood pressure is normal AV shunts _____.
Close
If arterial blood pressure is increased AV shunts ______.
Open
Plasma pressure proteins move fluid via?
Osmotic pressure
