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physiology > physiology chapter 14 > Flashcards

physiology chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Could you identify the main functions of the kidneys from a list?

A

Maintaining O2 balance

Maintaining proper osmolarity of body fluids

Maintaining proper plasma volume- important for blood pressure

Maintaining proper acid-base balance of body – by adjusting urinary output of H+ and HCO3-

Regulating concentration of ECF ions: Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, H+, HCO3-, PO34-, SO24-

Eliminating the wastes of metabolism – including urea, uric acid, creatine, bilirubin, and hormone metabolites

Excreting foreign compounds – drugs, food additives, etc

Producing renin

Producing erythropoietin

Converting vitamin D into its active form

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2
Q

What is the path of urine thru the urinary system?

A

renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

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3
Q

Is the blood flow to the kidneys just enough to oxygenate the kidneys, or more?

A

more

20 to 25% of cardiac output flows through kidneys

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4
Q

blood flow to kidneys is the _____

blood flow away form kidneys is the _____

A

renal artery
renal vein

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5
Q

The smallest unit of the kidney that performs all of the kidney’s functions

A

nephron

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6
Q

Each nephron has a _______ component and a _______ component

A

vascular
tubular

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7
Q

orderly arrangement of nephrons give rise to what

A

two regions of the kidneys

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8
Q

What are the two regions of the kidney?

A

The renal cortex
The renal medulla

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9
Q

what are the components of a nephron

A

glomerulus
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

supply renal tissue and aid in reabsorption and secretion to form urine

A

Peritubular capillaries:

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11
Q

hollow tube surrounding glomerulus- filtered plasma flows into

A

Bowman’s capsule:

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12
Q

ball like tuft of capillaries where some (but not all) water and solutes are filtered from blood passing through

A

Glomerulus

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13
Q

blood vessel entering the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole

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14
Q

blood vessel exiting the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

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15
Q

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtomedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical nephron: short loop (80%) of nephrons

Juxtomedullary nephron: long loop (20%) of nephrons

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16
Q

What is the path of filtrate from its formation to the renal pelvis?

A

Bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
loop of Henle
juxtaglomerular apparatus
distal tubule
collecting duct
renal pelvis

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17
Q

What the three basic renal processes?

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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18
Q

Glomerular filtration is the ______ of ______ through the ______

A

filtering of plasma

glomerulus

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19
Q

about ___% of _____ that flows into the glomerulus filters into __________

A

20
plasma
Bowman’s capsule

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20
Q

Tubular reabsorption is the __________ of substances of value from the _______ in the ______ back into the ________

A

reabsorption
filtrate
tubules
blood vessels

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21
Q

Substances that need to be conserved are ________ reabsorbed while unwanted substances ______ in the ______

A

selectively
remain
filtrate

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22
Q

Tubular secretion is the ______ ______ of substances from the _____ _____ _____ into the _____

A

selective transfer
peritubular capillary blood
tubule

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23
Q

What are the three layers of the glomerular membrane

A

glomerular capillary wall

basement membrane

inner layer of Bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

glomerular capillary wall

A

single layer of flattened endothelial cells

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25
Q

glomerular capillary wall are _____ by ____ ____ ____ and _____

A

Perforated by large capillary pores and fenestrations

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26
Q

are glomerular capillary walls more or less permeable

A

100x more permeable to water and solutes than other capillaries

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27
Q

Basement membrane is a gelatinous layer of ______ and ______ between ______ and _______; acellular

A

collagen and glycoproteins

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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28
Q

in the basement membrane, what gives it strength and what does this block

A

collagen gives it strength and blocks large plasma proteins

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29
Q

Glycoproteins are _______ charged which repels ____ ____ ____ which may pass through large _____ _____ and this keeps urine _____-free

A

negatively charged

small plasma proteins

large capillaries

protein-free

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30
Q

Inner layer of Bowman’s capsule consists of what

A

podocytes - epithelial cells that encircle the glomerulus

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31
Q

Neighboring podocytes give off ___________ which form ________ – through which _____ must pass

A

interdigitating foot processes

filtration slits

filtration

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32
Q

Glomerular capillary pressure:

A

blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries

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33
Q

Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure:

A

plasma proteins are stuck inside the glomeruluar capillaries, displacing H2O; pulled INTO capillaries

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34
Q

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure:

A

pressure exerted by the fluid in Bowman’s capsule, which tends to push fluid out of the capsule (either down the tubule or back into capillaries)

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35
Q

Why is glomerular pressure typically higher than in systemic capillaries?

A

Efferent arteriole much smaller diameter than afferent arteriole

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36
Q

Higher _____________ in efferent arteriole than in ____________ and ___________

A

vascular resistance

afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries

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37
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and what factors does it depend on?

A

The volume entering Bowman’s capsule per minute

  • net filtration pressure
  • filtration coefficient
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38
Q

filtration coefficient encompasses ___________ , and _____________

A

surface area available to diffuse thru

permeability of glomerular membrane

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39
Q

Increased arterial blood pressure ____________ pressure, but not _________ pressure

A

increases glomerular capillary

plasma-colloid osmotic

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40
Q

increased arterial pressure can lead to what

A

more fluid being lost to urine

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41
Q

glomerular filtration rate =

A

filtration coefficient * net filtration pressure

42
Q

What are the two intrinsic mechanisms used by the kidneys to counteract changes in GFR?

A

myogenic mechanism

tubuloglomerular feedback

43
Q

stretch of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle causing automatic contraction

A

myogenic mechanism

44
Q

what causes the stretch of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle in the myogenic mechanism

A

increased arterial blood pressure

45
Q

in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, tubular cells in the mascula densa sense increased or decreased GFR via increased salt concentration

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback:

46
Q

How can GFR be controlled extrinsically?

A

sympathetic nervous sustem

47
Q

Mesangial cells do what

A

hold glomerular capillary bundle together

48
Q

How are mesangial cells affected by sympathetic activity?

A

Contraction closes off some of the glomerular capillaries

  • Reduces surface area available for filtration
  • Reduced surface area reduces Kf
  • Reduces GFR
49
Q

Passive reabsorption is all steps in _______________ of the solute are _____ – no _____ spent to move __________________

A

transendothelial transport
passive
energy
substance down gradient

50
Q

Active reabsorption is one or more steps of ___________________ require ______ to be used to move solutes ____________

A

transendothelial transport
energy
against gradient

51
Q

transepithelial transport means filtrate in the tubules must pass through what (5)

A

filtrate in the tubules must pass through
- luminal membrane
- cytosol of tubular cells
- basolateral membrane
- interstitial fluid
- peritubular capillary wall

52
Q

Luminal membrane: plasma membrane of the tubular epithelial cell facing ________

Basolateral membrane: plasma membrane of tubular epithelial cell facing __________

A

lumen
interstitial fluid

53
Q

mechanisms of Na+ reabsorption

A

Na/K pump in basolateral membrane - dumps Na from tubular cell into interstitial fluid of kidney

Na leak channels or passive carriers in luminal membrane - allows Na to pass from tubule lumen into tubular cel

54
Q

What is the Na+ load?

A

total amount of Na in the body

55
Q

the Na+ load reflects the ____ of __________ in the body

A

volume
extracellular fluid

56
Q

Na+ load =

A

salt load

57
Q

_____ salt load increases _______

leads to _____ _____

increased ____ ____

increased _____ _____

A

greater
osmotic pressure

water retention

blood plasma

blood pressure

58
Q

Na reabsorption in ________ and ________ takes place ____________

A

proximal tubules and loop of Henle

regardless of Na load

59
Q

Na reabsorption in _________ __________ is controlled by _______ based on ___ _____

A

distal tubules and collecting duct

hormones

Na load

60
Q

______ cells of the __________ releases the hormone renin

A

granular cells
juxtaglomerular apparatus

61
Q

Large Na load - ______ action - more _____________

Small Na load - ______ action - less _____________

A

hormonal action - more NaCl and H2O excreted

hormonal action - less NaCl and H2O excreted

62
Q

renin is released in response to _____, _____, _____

A

reduced salt, ECF volume, of BP

63
Q

Where does angiotensin come from?

A

liver

64
Q

where does aldosterone come from

A

kidney

65
Q

aldosterone promotes

A

insertion of additional Na leak channels into luminal membrane

and

Na/K pumps into basolateral membrane which increases Na reabsorption

66
Q

exertion of large amounts of sodium in the urine

A

natriuresis

67
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a ______ produced in __________

A

hormone

atrial cardiac muscle cells

68
Q

Brain natriuretic peptide is a ______ produced in _________________

A

hormone

ventricular cardiac muscle cells

69
Q

Glucose and amino acids reabsorbed from filtrate back into peritubular capillaries using energy from the Na gradient is called

A

secondary active transport

70
Q

Sodium and glucose cotransporter (SGLT): moves ______________ in order to move _______________

A

Na down its concentration gradient

glucose against its concentration gradient

71
Q

built up in interstitial fluid from osmotic flow out of tubular cells

A

Hydrostatic pressure

72
Q

from greater concentration of plasma proteins leftover in capillary blood (pulls water in)

A

Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure

73
Q

waste product from the breakdown of protein

A

urea

74
Q

does urea get reabsorbed

A

half of filtered urea gets reabsorbed

75
Q

The max reabsorption rate that occurs when all carriers for the solute are saturated

A

tubular maximum

76
Q

Filtered load =

A

plasma concentration * glomerular filtration rate

77
Q

Plasma concentration of a solute at which tubular max is reached

A

renal threshold

78
Q

What happens if the plasma concentration of a solute is below the renal threshold?

A

no solute exerted in urine

78
Q

What happens if the plasma concentration of a solute is above the renal threshold?

A

Some of the solute is not reabsorbed and therefore excreted in urine

79
Q

phosphate and Ca2+ concentration are regulated by what

A

kidneys

80
Q

Besides decreased Na+ load, what is the other way that aldosterone is increased?

A

increased plasma K+ directly stimulates its release by adrenal cortex

81
Q

aldosterone always leads to both increased ___ reabsorption and ___ secretion

A

Na
K

82
Q

The volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance by the kidneys per minute

A

plasma clearance rate

83
Q

If a substance is filtered, but not reabsorbed or secreted, how will its plasma clearance rate compare to the GFR?

A

equal

84
Q

what is the average plasma clearance rate

A

125 mL/min

85
Q

If a substance is filtered and reabsorbed how will its plasma clearance rate compare to the GFR?

A

100% reabsorbed: 0% of GFR: 0 mL/min

75% reabsorbed: 25% of GFR: 31.25 mL/min

50% reabsorbed: 50% of GFR: 62.5 mL/min

86
Q

if a substance is filtered and secreted, but not reabsorbed how will its plasma clearance rate compare to the GFR?

A

always greater than GFR

87
Q

clearance rate =

A

(Urine concentration of substance * urine flow rate) / (plasma concentration of substance)

88
Q

ascending limb of the long loop of Henle _____ transports ___ out of ____ into ______

A

actively
NaCl
tubule
IF

89
Q

ascending limb of the loop of hence is impermeable to what

A

H2O

90
Q

Descending limb of the long loop of Henle are highly permeable to ___ via _____; does not reabsorb ____

A

H20
aquaporins
NaCl

91
Q

The loop of Henle has a low ______ at the top of the loop and osmolarity increasing as one __________

A

top
descends down the loop

92
Q

vasopressin is a ______ hormone

A

antidiuretic

93
Q

vasopressin is produced by what and reales from what

A

hypothalamus

posterior pituitary gland

94
Q

EFC too concentrated (_______) - _______ of vasopressin secretion - _____ H2O (less urine)

A

hypertonic
excitation
conserve

95
Q

ECF too dilute (________) - _____ of vasopressin secretion - _____ H2O (more urine)

A

hypotonic
inhibition
eliminate

96
Q

Is the blood leaving the kidneys hypertonic or isotonic?

A

hypertonic

97
Q

What structures prevent urine flow thru the urethra?

A

Internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter

98
Q

What triggers the micturition reflex?

A

bladder stretch receptors

99
Q

What signal does the micturition reflex send to the external urethral sphincter?

A

A parasympathetic innervation – cessation of efferent pudendal nerve

100
Q

Which of the urination muscles do we have voluntary control over?

A

external

101
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system controls bladder emptying?

A

parasympathetic

physiology (5 decks)

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