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physiology > physiology chapter 13 > Flashcards

physiology chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

all the body processes that accomplish movement of O2 to and CO2 from the tissue to support _______

A

respiration

cell metabolism

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2
Q

Cellular respiration is ______ _____ processes carried out within _______ that use ___ and produce ___

A

intracellular metabolic
mitochondria
O2
CO2

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3
Q

Respiratory quotient:

A

Ratio of CO2 produced and O2 consumed that depnds on the fuel consumed

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4
Q

External respiration is the __________________ in exchange of ___ and ___ between the _________ and ________

A

entire sequence of event
O2
CO2
environment and tissue cells

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5
Q

Carbohydrates: RQ = ____

explain what is happening with O2 and CO2

A

RQ = 1 (equal amounts of CO2 and O2)

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6
Q

Fats: RQ = ___

what is happening with O2 and CO2

A

0.7

(more O2 consumed than CO2 produced)

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7
Q

Proteins: RQ = ___

what is happening with O2 and CO2

A

0.8

(more O2 consumed than CO2 produced)

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8
Q

T_____ and b_____ are ringed with ______ while b_____ are ringed with _______

A

Trachea and bronchi
cartilage

bronchioles
smooth muscle

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9
Q

What organ takes up most of the thoracic cavity?

A

lungs

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10
Q

location of diaphragm

A

Makes of the floor of the thoracic cavity

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11
Q

pleural sac

A

double walled sac that encloses the lungs

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12
Q

explain the walls and spaces of the pleural sac

A

Inner pleural wall adheres closely to outer surface of lungs

Outer pleural wall adheres to thoracic wall

Space between pleural walls filled with intrapleural fluid to allow surfaces to glide easily over each other during respiratory movements

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13
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the circulatory system? explain this structure

A

alveoli: thin traplike sacs at the terminal branches of bronchioles

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14
Q

alveoli are the site of

A

gas exchange in the circulatory system

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15
Q

What cell type makes up most of the alveoli?

A

single layer of flattened type I alveolar cells

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16
Q

Each alveolus surrounded by a _________________ –> the ideally structured for __________________

A

very dense mesh of capillaries

gas exchange by difusion

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17
Q

What substance is secreted by Type II alveolar cells? What does this substance do?

A

Secrete pulmonary surfactant which facilitates lung expansion

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18
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

provide defense against inhaled microbes and debris

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19
Q

WHERE are the pores of Kohn and what do they do?

A

connect adjacent alveoli, providing alternate air route if other airway is blocked

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20
Q

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by

A

the weight of the gas in the atmosphere on objects on Earth’s surface

760 mmHg at sea level

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21
Q

Intra alveolar pressure is the

A

pressure within the alveoli – 760 mmHg when equilibrated with atmospheric pressure

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22
Q

Intrapleural pressure is the pressure

A

within the pleural sac, the pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity, usually less than atmospheric pressure at 765 mmHg

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23
Q

What keeps the intrapleural pressure below atmospheric pressure?

A

The lungs are elastic and tend to pull Inner pleural inwards resulting in a decrease in pressure in the intrapleural cavity

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24
Q

how does the transmural pressure relate to lung function?

A

keeps the lungs inflated and opposes the elastic force of the lungs

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25
the transmural pressure gradient is the pressure difference between ________ pressure and ______ pressures
intra alveolar pressure intrapleural pressure
26
What happens when the transmural pressure gradient is eliminated due to puncture of the pleural sac? What is this called?
collapsed lung pneumothorax: when air leaks into space between lungs and chest
27
Boyles law
At any constant temperature the pressure of gas varies inversely with the volume of the container
28
Boyles law relates to air flow through the lungs by: - just like blood flow, air flows from...
high to low pressure
29
Boyles law applies to how much
air moves into and out of lungs during respiration
30
During inspiration, lungs ______ --> ________________ --> _____________
expand --> greater elastic recoil of lung tissue --> greater decrease in intrapleural pressure
31
when does transmural pressure exists
throughout all inspiration and expiration
32
what happens when the lungs contract
intra alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure - exspiration
33
what happens when the lungs expand
intra alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure – inspiration
34
How much effort is required to stretch the lungs, similar to how easy or difficult it is to stretch a balloon
compliance of lungs
35
compliance of lungs is measured as how much of a change in _____ results from a change in ____________
volume transmural pressure gradients
36
The lower the compliance of the lungs, the ______ the _______________ needs to be to create ___________
greater transmural pressure gradient normal lung expansion
37
Surface tension occurs because of
the attraction of water molecules
38
surface tension in alveoli does what two things
resist expansion of alveoli shrinks alveoli
39
Factors the give lungs great elastic recoil are
elastin fibers in lung tissue -and- alveolar surface tension in thin film or liquid lining alveoli
40
Pulmonary surfactant: mixture of _____ and _____ that breaks up
lipids and proteins the cohesive bonds in the thin film and decreases surface tension
41
pulmonary surfactant prevents ___ ___ from _____ their air into _____ _____
smaller alveoli collapsing larger alveoli
42
What does a spirometer measure?
Measure changes in lung volume with different respiratory efforts
43
law of LaPlace
determines inward collapsing pressure in an alveolus P = (2T)/r - T = surface tension - r - radius
44
name the 8 volumes/capacity's
inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory capacity functional residual capacity vital capacity reserve volume total lung capacity forced expiratory volume/s
45
additional volume that can be maximally inspired
inspiratory reserve volume
46
volume that an be maximally inspired at end of quiet expiration
Inspiratory capacity:
47
additional volume that can be maximally expired
Expiratory reserve volume:
48
volume in lungs remaining after maximal expiration
Reserve volume:
49
volume in lungs remaining after passive expiration
Functional residual capacity:
50
maximum volume exchanged when maximal inspiration is followed by maximal expiration
Vital capacity:
51
maximum volume the lungs can hold
Total lung capacity:
52
tidal volume
volume exchanged during single breath
53
volume expired during the first second of measurement of vital capacity – indicated maximum air flow possible
forced expiratory volume in 1 sec
54
The lungs normally operate during _____ breathing at around ____ full
quite half
55
Quiet breathing only expends about ____ of total body breathing, since the lungs don't ________, _________ can occur even during ________
3% empty completely gas exchange expiration
56
Pulmonary ventilation (mL/min) =
Tidal volume (mL/breath) X Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
57
dead space
Volume of inspired that does not reach alveoli, it gets stuck in the airways and is not available for gas exchange
58
Alveolar ventilation (mL/min) =
(tidal volume – dead space volume) X respiratory rate (breaths/min)
59
Parasympathetic stimulation causes broncho___________ and sympathetic stimulation causes broncho__________.
Bronchoconstriction leading to less air flow Bronchodilation leading to more air flow
60
Similar to arteriolar smooth muscle, bronchiolar smooth muscle is sensitive to __________, in particular _____ concentration
metabolic factors CO2
61
Individual pressure exerted by a particular gas within a mixture of gases
partial pressure
62
____ and ____ diffuse from ____ to ____ and from ____ to ____ down their ____________
O2 and CO2 air to blood blood to tissues partial pressure gradient
63
PO2 in the _____ is _____ than that breathed in from the _____ because
alveoli lower atmosphere
64
PO2 in the alveoli is lower than the breathing in from the atmosphere because...
Air is humidified, diluting the air with the additional partial pressure of vaporized H2O Volume of freshly breathed in air is mixed with larger volume leftover in lungs (which has less O2)
65
66
Is more O2 exchanged than CO2 in the lungs?
about equal
67
The ___________ for O2 is much larger than that for CO2 but CO2 has a much larger ___________ than O2
partial pressure gradient diffusion constant
68
how much O2 is transported in the blood
98.5%
69
The pulmonary capillaries is the ______ portion of O2-Hb dissociation curve
saturating
70
The systemic capillaries is the ______ portion of O2-Hb dissociation curve
sloping
71
average resting PO2 at systemic capillaries
40 mmHg
72
normal PO2 at pulmonary capillaries
100 mmHg
73
74
What is percent hemoglobin saturation dependent on?
Percentage of O2 binding sites from all hemoglobin molecules that are filled with O2
75
O2 bound to hemoglobin...
does not contribute to the PO2 of the blood
76
Inspiratory muscles _______________, inspiratory muscles are skeletal muscles and require _________________
do not create self-generating contractions electrical stimulation from motor axons
77
What are the two centers that generate the rhythmic pattern of breathing?
medullary respiratory center pons respiratory center
78
the medullary respiratory center includes
Pre-Botzinger complex dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group
79
Pre-botzinger complex:
network of neurons that creates self-induced AP that underlie the respiratory rhythm
80
Dorsal respiratory group is _____ that project to the _______________; receives input form the ____________
neurons motor neurons in the spinal cord of inspiratory muscles; pre-botzinger complex
81
Ventral respiratory group is _____ that are recruited by ____ during _______ or ________; some project down to _________________
neurons DRG increased inspiration or active expiration motor neurons in the spinal cord of expiratory muscles
82
the pons respiratory center consist of
Pneumotaxic center and apneustic center
83
the pons respiratory center does what
Fine tune responses of medullary respiratory center to produce smooth inspiration and expiration
84
What signal is the main regulator of ventilation?
H+ in the brain generated by CO2
85
where does carbonic anhydrase exist
in the brain as well as RBC
86
How does an increase in arterial CO2 increase this signal? What neural structure senses the signal?
Increased PCO2 in the brain ECF leads to increased H+ Increased H+ stimulated central chemoreceptors located in the medulla near the respiratory center Stimulated central chemoreceptors excite the medullary respiratory center, increasing ventilation, which exhales more CO2
87
where are peripheral chemoreceptors
along aortic arch and carotid arteries
88
peripheral chemoreceptors are weakly sensitive to ___ but strongly sensitive to ___ when ___ falls below ___ mm Hg
CO2 O2 PO2 60
89
peripheral chemoreceptors being weakly sensitive to CO2 but strongly sensitive to O2 when PO2 falls below 60 mm Hg stimulates what to do what
Stimulates medullary respiratory centers to increase ventilation when PO2 falls to dangerous levels
90
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
group of lung diseases characterized by increased airway resistance due to narrowed airways
91
What three diseases are considered types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
chronic bronchitis asthma emphysema
92
long-term inflammation of lower respiratory airways, usually due to cigarette smoke, polluted air, or allergens
chronic bronchitis
93
chronic bronchitis immobilizes what
cilia
94
acute swelling of airways due to histamine release, blockage of airways due to accumulation of thick mucus, and spasms of smooth muscle contraction surrounding the bronchioles
Asthma
95
characterized by collapse of smaller bronchioles and the breakdown of alveolar walls
Emphysema:
96
emphysema: alveoli release ____ that when excess breaks down _________
trypsin alveolar and bronchiole walls

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