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physiology > physiology chapter 13 > Flashcards

physiology chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

all the body processes that accomplish movement of O2 to and CO2 from the tissue to support _______

A

respiration

cell metabolism

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2
Q

Cellular respiration is ______ _____ processes carried out within _______ that use ___ and produce ___

A

intracellular metabolic
mitochondria
O2
CO2

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3
Q

Respiratory quotient:

A

Ratio of CO2 produced and O2 consumed that depnds on the fuel consumed

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4
Q

External respiration is the __________________ in exchange of ___ and ___ between the _________ and ________

A

entire sequence of event
O2
CO2
environment and tissue cells

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5
Q

Carbohydrates: RQ = ____

explain what is happening with O2 and CO2

A

RQ = 1 (equal amounts of CO2 and O2)

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6
Q

Fats: RQ = ___

what is happening with O2 and CO2

A

0.7

(more O2 consumed than CO2 produced)

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7
Q

Proteins: RQ = ___

what is happening with O2 and CO2

A

0.8

(more O2 consumed than CO2 produced)

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8
Q

T_____ and b_____ are ringed with ______ while b_____ are ringed with _______

A

Trachea and bronchi
cartilage

bronchioles
smooth muscle

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9
Q

What organ takes up most of the thoracic cavity?

A

lungs

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10
Q

location of diaphragm

A

Makes of the floor of the thoracic cavity

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11
Q

pleural sac

A

double walled sac that encloses the lungs

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12
Q

explain the walls and spaces of the pleural sac

A

Inner pleural wall adheres closely to outer surface of lungs

Outer pleural wall adheres to thoracic wall

Space between pleural walls filled with intrapleural fluid to allow surfaces to glide easily over each other during respiratory movements

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13
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the circulatory system? explain this structure

A

alveoli: thin traplike sacs at the terminal branches of bronchioles

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14
Q

alveoli are the site of

A

gas exchange in the circulatory system

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15
Q

What cell type makes up most of the alveoli?

A

single layer of flattened type I alveolar cells

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16
Q

Each alveolus surrounded by a _________________ –> the ideally structured for __________________

A

very dense mesh of capillaries

gas exchange by difusion

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17
Q

What substance is secreted by Type II alveolar cells? What does this substance do?

A

Secrete pulmonary surfactant which facilitates lung expansion

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18
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

provide defense against inhaled microbes and debris

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19
Q

WHERE are the pores of Kohn and what do they do?

A

connect adjacent alveoli, providing alternate air route if other airway is blocked

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20
Q

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by

A

the weight of the gas in the atmosphere on objects on Earth’s surface

760 mmHg at sea level

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21
Q

Intra alveolar pressure is the

A

pressure within the alveoli – 760 mmHg when equilibrated with atmospheric pressure

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22
Q

Intrapleural pressure is the pressure

A

within the pleural sac, the pressure exerted outside the lungs within the thoracic cavity, usually less than atmospheric pressure at 765 mmHg

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23
Q

What keeps the intrapleural pressure below atmospheric pressure?

A

The lungs are elastic and tend to pull Inner pleural inwards resulting in a decrease in pressure in the intrapleural cavity

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24
Q

how does the transmural pressure relate to lung function?

A

keeps the lungs inflated and opposes the elastic force of the lungs

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25
Q

the transmural pressure gradient is the pressure difference between ________ pressure and ______ pressures

A

intra alveolar pressure

intrapleural pressure

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26
Q

What happens when the transmural pressure gradient is eliminated due to puncture of the pleural sac? What is this called?

A

collapsed lung

pneumothorax: when air leaks into space between lungs and chest

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27
Q

Boyles law

A

At any constant temperature the pressure of gas varies inversely with the volume of the container

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28
Q

Boyles law relates to air flow through the lungs by:
- just like blood flow, air flows from…

A

high to low pressure

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29
Q

Boyles law applies to how much

A

air moves into and out of lungs during respiration

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30
Q

During inspiration, lungs ______ –> ________________ –> _____________

A

expand –>

greater elastic recoil of lung tissue –>

greater decrease in intrapleural pressure

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31
Q

when does transmural pressure exists

A

throughout all inspiration and expiration

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32
Q

what happens when the lungs contract

A

intra alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure - exspiration

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33
Q

what happens when the lungs expand

A

intra alveolar pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure – inspiration

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34
Q

How much effort is required to stretch the lungs, similar to how easy or difficult it is to stretch a balloon

A

compliance of lungs

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35
Q

compliance of lungs is measured as how much of a change in _____ results from a change in ____________

A

volume
transmural pressure gradients

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36
Q

The lower the compliance of the lungs, the ______ the _______________ needs to be to create ___________

A

greater

transmural pressure gradient

normal lung expansion

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37
Q

Surface tension occurs because of

A

the attraction of water molecules

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38
Q

surface tension in alveoli does what two things

A

resist expansion of alveoli

shrinks alveoli

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39
Q

Factors the give lungs great elastic recoil are

A

elastin fibers in lung tissue

-and-

alveolar surface tension in thin film or liquid lining alveoli

40
Q

Pulmonary surfactant: mixture of _____ and _____ that breaks up

A

lipids and proteins

the cohesive bonds in the thin film and decreases surface tension

41
Q

pulmonary surfactant prevents ___ ___ from _____ their air into _____ _____

A

smaller alveoli

collapsing

larger alveoli

42
Q

What does a spirometer measure?

A

Measure changes in lung volume with different respiratory efforts

43
Q

law of LaPlace

A

determines inward collapsing pressure in an alveolus

P = (2T)/r

  • T = surface tension
  • r - radius
44
Q

name the 8 volumes/capacity’s

A

inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
inspiratory capacity
functional residual capacity
vital capacity
reserve volume
total lung capacity
forced expiratory volume/s

45
Q

additional volume that can be maximally inspired

A

inspiratory reserve volume

46
Q

volume that an be maximally inspired at end of quiet expiration

A

Inspiratory capacity:

47
Q

additional volume that can be maximally expired

A

Expiratory reserve volume:

48
Q

volume in lungs remaining after maximal expiration

A

Reserve volume:

49
Q

volume in lungs remaining after passive expiration

A

Functional residual capacity:

50
Q

maximum volume exchanged when maximal inspiration is followed by maximal expiration

A

Vital capacity:

51
Q

maximum volume the lungs can hold

A

Total lung capacity:

52
Q

tidal volume

A

volume exchanged during single breath

53
Q

volume expired during the first second of measurement of vital capacity – indicated maximum air flow possible

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 sec

54
Q

The lungs normally operate during _____ breathing at around ____ full

A

quite

half

55
Q

Quiet breathing only expends about ____ of total body breathing, since the lungs don’t ________, _________ can occur even during ________

A

3%
empty completely
gas exchange
expiration

56
Q

Pulmonary ventilation (mL/min) =

A

Tidal volume (mL/breath) X Respiratory rate (breaths/min)

57
Q

dead space

A

Volume of inspired that does not reach alveoli, it gets stuck in the airways and is not available for gas exchange

58
Q

Alveolar ventilation (mL/min) =

A

(tidal volume – dead space volume) X respiratory rate (breaths/min)

59
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation causes broncho___________ and sympathetic stimulation causes broncho__________.

A

Bronchoconstriction leading to less air flow
Bronchodilation leading to more air flow

60
Q

Similar to arteriolar smooth muscle, bronchiolar smooth muscle is sensitive to __________, in particular _____ concentration

A

metabolic factors

CO2

61
Q

Individual pressure exerted by a particular gas within a mixture of gases

A

partial pressure

62
Q

____ and ____ diffuse from ____ to ____ and from ____ to ____ down their ____________

A

O2 and CO2

air to blood
blood to tissues

partial pressure gradient

63
Q

PO2 in the _____ is _____ than that breathed in from the _____ because

A

alveoli
lower
atmosphere

64
Q

PO2 in the alveoli is lower than the breathing in from the atmosphere because…

A

Air is humidified, diluting the air with the additional partial pressure of vaporized H2O

Volume of freshly breathed in air is mixed with larger volume leftover in lungs (which has less O2)

65
Q
A
66
Q

Is more O2 exchanged than CO2 in the lungs?

A

about equal

67
Q

The ___________ for O2 is much larger than that for CO2 but CO2 has a much larger ___________ than O2

A

partial pressure gradient

diffusion constant

68
Q

how much O2 is transported in the blood

A

98.5%

69
Q

The pulmonary capillaries is the ______ portion of O2-Hb dissociation curve

A

saturating

70
Q

The systemic capillaries is the ______ portion of O2-Hb dissociation curve

A

sloping

71
Q

average resting PO2 at systemic capillaries

A

40 mmHg

72
Q

normal PO2 at pulmonary capillaries

A

100 mmHg

73
Q
A
74
Q

What is percent hemoglobin saturation dependent on?

A

Percentage of O2 binding sites from all hemoglobin molecules that are filled with O2

75
Q

O2 bound to hemoglobin…

A

does not contribute to the PO2 of the blood

76
Q

Inspiratory muscles _______________, inspiratory muscles are skeletal muscles and require _________________

A

do not create self-generating contractions

electrical stimulation from motor axons

77
Q

What are the two centers that generate the rhythmic pattern of breathing?

A

medullary respiratory center

pons respiratory center

78
Q

the medullary respiratory center includes

A

Pre-Botzinger complex
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group

79
Q

Pre-botzinger complex:

A

network of neurons that creates self-induced AP that underlie the respiratory rhythm

80
Q

Dorsal respiratory group is _____ that project to the _______________; receives input form the ____________

A

neurons

motor neurons in the spinal cord of inspiratory muscles;

pre-botzinger complex

81
Q

Ventral respiratory group is _____ that are recruited by ____ during _______ or ________; some project down to _________________

A

neurons

DRG

increased inspiration or active expiration

motor neurons in the spinal cord of expiratory muscles

82
Q

the pons respiratory center consist of

A

Pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

83
Q

the pons respiratory center does what

A

Fine tune responses of medullary respiratory center to produce smooth inspiration and expiration

84
Q

What signal is the main regulator of ventilation?

A

H+ in the brain generated by CO2

85
Q

where does carbonic anhydrase exist

A

in the brain as well as RBC

86
Q

How does an increase in arterial CO2 increase this signal? What neural structure senses the signal?

A

Increased PCO2 in the brain ECF leads to increased H+

Increased H+ stimulated central chemoreceptors located in the medulla near the respiratory center

Stimulated central chemoreceptors excite the medullary respiratory center, increasing ventilation, which exhales more CO2

87
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors

A

along aortic arch and carotid arteries

88
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors are weakly sensitive to ___ but strongly sensitive to ___ when ___ falls below ___ mm Hg

A

CO2
O2
PO2
60

89
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors being weakly sensitive to CO2 but strongly sensitive to O2 when PO2 falls below 60 mm Hg stimulates what to do what

A

Stimulates medullary respiratory centers

to increase ventilation when PO2 falls to dangerous levels

90
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

group of lung diseases characterized by increased airway resistance due to narrowed airways

91
Q

What three diseases are considered types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

chronic bronchitis
asthma
emphysema

92
Q

long-term inflammation of lower respiratory airways, usually due to cigarette smoke, polluted air, or allergens

A

chronic bronchitis

93
Q

chronic bronchitis immobilizes what

A

cilia

94
Q

acute swelling of airways due to histamine release, blockage of airways due to accumulation of thick mucus, and spasms of smooth muscle contraction surrounding the bronchioles

A

Asthma

95
Q

characterized by collapse of smaller bronchioles and the breakdown of alveolar walls

A

Emphysema:

96
Q

emphysema: alveoli release ____ that when excess breaks down _________

A

trypsin

alveolar and bronchiole walls

physiology (5 decks)

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