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physiology chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

body’s ability to protect itself from harmful foreign cells or abnormal cells

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2
Q

what are the main events of the immune system

A

Defend against pathogens-disease producing microorganisms

Remove worn out cells or tissue damaged by trauma or disease

Destroy abnormal cancer cells that have developed within the body

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3
Q

Bacteria is ___ nucleated ______ organisms; contain all ______________ necessary for ______ and ______

A

non
unicellular
cellular machina
survive
reproduction

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4
Q

Disease caused by ….. bacterial usually due to their release of ….. or….. that ….. or ….. normal cell function – called their level of virulence

A

pathogenic

enzymes or toxins

injure or disrupt

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5
Q

Viruses are ____ ____ (DNA and RNA) enclosed by a _________; are not organisms and cannot _________

A

nucleic acids
protein coat
self-sustain

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6
Q

explain how a virus works

A

Invade host cell and hijacks host resources for viral replication

Leads to cell death by depleting cell components, forcing production of substances toxic to the cell, or transforming cell into cancer cell

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7
Q

virulence

A

the disease producing power of a pathogen

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8
Q

what are the three polymorphonuclear granulocytes and what re the two mononuclear agranulocytes

A

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

monocyte, lymphocyte

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9
Q

which of the leukocytes are phagocytes

A

neutrophils and monocytes

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10
Q

what does a phagocyte do

A

engulf foreign protein

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11
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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12
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies that indirectly lead to destruction of foreign material

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13
Q

T cells

A

directly destroy virus invaded cells and cancer cells

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14
Q

Where are leukocytes produced? Where are lymphocytes produced (after development)?

A

All leukocytes are produced in bone marrow except for lymphocytes which are produced in lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

lymphoid tissue includes

A

spleen

tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, appendix, and gut associated lymphoid tissue

thymus

bone marrow

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16
Q

what does the spleen do

A

clears blood of microorganisms, debris and worn out blood cells; exchanges lymphocytes with blood

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17
Q

what does the thymus do

A

maturational processing of T cells

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18
Q

what does the bone marrow do

A

maturational processing of B cells

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19
Q

What are the two components of the immune system

A

innate and adaptive

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20
Q

innate immune system

A

body’s built in, immediate, non specific immune responses to any threatening material

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21
Q

what cells mediate the innate immune system

A

phagocytic leukocytes

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22
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs):

A

exogenous chemical signature from a potentially threatening source

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23
Q

Damaged associated molecular patterns (DAMPs):

A

endogenous chemical signature potentially from tissue damage

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24
Q

Toll like receptors:

A

plasma membrane proteins studded on phagocytes that are activated by PAMPs in extracellular fluid

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25
RLRs:
intracellular proteins inside body cells activated by viral nucleic acids in the cytosol
26
NLRs:
intracellular proteins inside phagocytes or body cells activated by engulfed bits of bacteria or parasitic worms
27
Activation of ____, ____, and ____ trigger _____ immune response, secretion of chemicals promoting ______, and ______ of foreign materials by _______
TLRs, RLRs, and NLRs innate inflammation engulfing phagocytosis
28
Adaptive (acquired) immune system:
body’s specific immune responses to a foreign material it has been exposed to before and had an opportunity to prepare for
29
what cells mediate the adaptive immune system
lymphocytes - T and B cells
30
what are the defenses of the innate immune system
inlammation interferon natural killer cells complement system
31
complex, nonspecific response to injury largely mediated by phagocytes (neutrophils & macrophages)
Inflammation
32
proteins that nonspecifically defend against viruses
Interferon
33
Leukocytes that rupture and kill nearby virus-infected cells or cancer cells
Natural killer cells:
34
plasma proteins that work together to attack the plasma membrane of foreign cells
The complement system:
35
diapedesis
An adhered leukocyte behaves like an amoeba forming pseudopods to wiggle through a capillary pore even through it is much larger than the pore
36
What is scar tissue made of?
after phagocytes clear debris, healing occurs by cell division or creation of scar tissue which is deposits of collagen proteins
37
explain an interferon
group of 3 related cytokines released from virus infected cells that interfere with the ability of virus to replicate in other potential host cells
38
explain natural killer cells
lymphocyte like cells that nonspecifically destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells. Have the ability to immediately recognize features of virus infected or cancer cells
39
natural killer cells release ____ through _____ directly lysing target cells
chemicals exocytosis
40
complement system
contains many sequentially activated plasma proteins that circulate in blood stream in inactive form
41
in the alternate complement pathway, the first component (C1) activated directly by
carbohydrate chains protruding from plasma membrane of foreign microbes
42
in the classical complement pathway, the first component (C1) activated by
antibodies, which are attached to foreign material part of the adaptive immune system
43
Activation of ____ begins ______ leading to formation of a __________ in _______ of a nearby invading _______
C1 cascade membrane attack complex plasma membrane microbe
44
Each B-cell receptors are specific for
one type of antigen.
45
what is an antigen
Large molecule that triggers immune response in the body
46
What is the difference between T-dependent and T-independent antigens?
T dependent: depend on assistance of helper T cells to activate the B cell T independent: directly activate B cell with no assistance from helper T cell
47
What happens when a B cell is activated?
On binding of antigen to BCR of B-cell, the B-cell multiplies and its clones differentiate into active plasma cells or dormant memory cells
48
Plasma cells produce and release massive amount of
antibody specific to the antigen
49
clonal selection theory
The enormous array of B cells with different B cell receptors is established during fetal development before exposure to antigens
50
During _____ development the Fragments of DNA encoding ________ are cut reshuffled, and spliced in many _______ across developing _____
B cell B cell receptors combinations B cell
51
memory cells
B-cell clones that remain dormant in preparation for future antigen exposures
52
T-cells are exquisitely specific to _______, _____ in response to _______, and form a ________ that increases ______ ______
antigens clone activation memory pool secondary response
52
Vaccination:
deliberately exposing a pathogen stripped of its disease producing capabilities in order to form memory cells to the pathogen
53
What is cell-mediated immunity? How is it different than antibody-mediated immunity?
Antibody: B cells indirectly attack targets by labelling for destruction by innate immune system Cell: T cells attack targets by direct contact
54
What is similar between B and T cells?
Like B cells, T cells are exquisitely specific to antigens, clone in response to activation, and form a memory pool that increases secondary response
55
What’s the main difference in their activation?
Unlike B cells, T cells only activate when foreign antigen is presented together with a self antigen on the surface of a body cell
56
Immature lymphocytes differentiate into T cells in the _______ where they acquire TCRs and learn to recognize ______________ only in combination with ____ ____
thymus foreign antigens self antigens
57
What are the three types of T cells?
cytotoxic helper regulatory
58
cytotoxic T cells
Destroy host cells that present foreign antigen on the surface in conjunction with the MHC self antigen
59
What protein is released by this cytotoxic T cell and what does that protein do?
Release perforin which forms large pores in the target cell, leading to lysis
60
What is the main role of helper T cells?
Secrete cytokines that augment nearly every aspect of immune system
61
effect of HIV
Cause loss of helper T cells ability to orchestrate immune response leading to AIDS
62
What do regulatory T cells do?
Suppress both innate and adaptive immune responses in a check-and-balance fashion to minimize harmful effects of the immune response
63
Class I major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins? (location, recognition, and action)
found on nucleated body cells specifically recognized by cytotoxic T cells lead to destruction of presenting cell
64
Class II major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins? (location, recognition, and action)
found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Specifically recognized by helper T cells lead to activation of helper T cell and B cell
65
dendritic cell
phagocyte similar to macrophages in body tissue
66
what does a dendritic cell do
After engulfing foreign material, migrates to lymph nodes to present antigens along with class II MHC glycoproteins to helper T cells
67
68
tumor cell
Mutation occurs within genes that regulate cell division and growth – leads to unrestricted multiplication of the cell
69
immune surveillance
Recognition and destruction of new, potentially cancerous tumor cells by T cells
70
Mutations can be due to _______ – ______ _____, certain environmental chemicals or physical irritants
carcinogens ionizing radiation
70
slow growing tumor that doesn't infiltrate surrounding tumor
benign
71
fast growing tumor that infiltrations surrounding tissue
malignant
72
malignant tumors don't _____ to surrounding tissues, can ________ and travel through ___ ___ to other areas of body
adhere break away blood stream
73
Don’t adhere well to surrounding tissue, can break away and travel through the bloodstream to other areas of body AKA what
metastasis
74
____, ____, and ____ work together to destroy cancer cells an release _____
cytotoxic T cells natural killer cells phagocytes interferon
74
Cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and phagocytes work together to destroy cancer cells, and release interferon which...
breaks down messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis which prevents cancer cells from multiplying
75
Antimicrobial peptides secreted from epithelial surfaces that disrupts membrane of microbes
defensins
76
skin, linings of digestive tracts, urogenital tract, respiratory airways, and lungs are examples of
epithelial linings
77
What are the two layers of the skin? Which lymphoctye is scattered throughout these layers?
dermis and epidermis T cells
78
cells in the epidermis include
melanocytes keratinocytes langerhans cells granstein cells
79
produce pigment melanin, which absorbs UV rays that could cause mutations in theskin cells
melanocytes
80
most abundant; specialize in keratin production; secrete cytokines that influence maturation of T cells in the skin
keratinocytes
81
dendritic cells that present antigen to T cells
Langerhans cells:
82
activate regulatory T cells to put an end to immune response
Granstein cells:
83
dermis contain ____ glands (______) and ______ glands (_______________)
sweat (cooling evaporation) sebaceous (oil to waterproof skin and keep from cracking)
84
how do the glands in the dermis relate to the immune system
both secretions contain chemicals toxic to bacteria

physiology (5 decks)

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