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physiology > physiology chapter 12 > Flashcards

physiology chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

body’s ability to protect itself from harmful foreign cells or abnormal cells

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2
Q

what are the main events of the immune system

A

Defend against pathogens-disease producing microorganisms

Remove worn out cells or tissue damaged by trauma or disease

Destroy abnormal cancer cells that have developed within the body

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3
Q

Bacteria is ___ nucleated ______ organisms; contain all ______________ necessary for ______ and ______

A

non
unicellular
cellular machina
survive
reproduction

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4
Q

Disease caused by ….. bacterial usually due to their release of ….. or….. that ….. or ….. normal cell function – called their level of virulence

A

pathogenic

enzymes or toxins

injure or disrupt

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5
Q

Viruses are ____ ____ (DNA and RNA) enclosed by a _________; are not organisms and cannot _________

A

nucleic acids
protein coat
self-sustain

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6
Q

explain how a virus works

A

Invade host cell and hijacks host resources for viral replication

Leads to cell death by depleting cell components, forcing production of substances toxic to the cell, or transforming cell into cancer cell

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7
Q

virulence

A

the disease producing power of a pathogen

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8
Q

what are the three polymorphonuclear granulocytes and what re the two mononuclear agranulocytes

A

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

monocyte, lymphocyte

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9
Q

which of the leukocytes are phagocytes

A

neutrophils and monocytes

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10
Q

what does a phagocyte do

A

engulf foreign protein

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11
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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12
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies that indirectly lead to destruction of foreign material

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13
Q

T cells

A

directly destroy virus invaded cells and cancer cells

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14
Q

Where are leukocytes produced? Where are lymphocytes produced (after development)?

A

All leukocytes are produced in bone marrow except for lymphocytes which are produced in lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

lymphoid tissue includes

A

spleen

tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, appendix, and gut associated lymphoid tissue

thymus

bone marrow

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16
Q

what does the spleen do

A

clears blood of microorganisms, debris and worn out blood cells; exchanges lymphocytes with blood

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17
Q

what does the thymus do

A

maturational processing of T cells

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18
Q

what does the bone marrow do

A

maturational processing of B cells

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19
Q

What are the two components of the immune system

A

innate and adaptive

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20
Q

innate immune system

A

body’s built in, immediate, non specific immune responses to any threatening material

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21
Q

what cells mediate the innate immune system

A

phagocytic leukocytes

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22
Q

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs):

A

exogenous chemical signature from a potentially threatening source

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23
Q

Damaged associated molecular patterns (DAMPs):

A

endogenous chemical signature potentially from tissue damage

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24
Q

Toll like receptors:

A

plasma membrane proteins studded on phagocytes that are activated by PAMPs in extracellular fluid

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25
Q

RLRs:

A

intracellular proteins inside body cells activated by viral nucleic acids in the cytosol

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26
Q

NLRs:

A

intracellular proteins inside phagocytes or body cells activated by engulfed bits of bacteria or parasitic worms

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27
Q

Activation of ____, ____, and ____ trigger _____ immune response, secretion of chemicals promoting ______, and ______ of foreign materials by _______

A

TLRs, RLRs, and NLRs

innate

inflammation

engulfing

phagocytosis

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28
Q

Adaptive (acquired) immune system:

A

body’s specific immune responses to a foreign material it has been exposed to before and had an opportunity to prepare for

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29
Q

what cells mediate the adaptive immune system

A

lymphocytes - T and B cells

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30
Q

what are the defenses of the innate immune system

A

inlammation
interferon
natural killer cells
complement system

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31
Q

complex, nonspecific response to injury largely mediated by phagocytes (neutrophils & macrophages)

A

Inflammation

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32
Q

proteins that nonspecifically defend against viruses

A

Interferon

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33
Q

Leukocytes that rupture and kill nearby virus-infected cells or cancer cells

A

Natural killer cells:

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34
Q

plasma proteins that work together to attack the plasma membrane of foreign cells

A

The complement system:

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35
Q

diapedesis

A

An adhered leukocyte behaves like an amoeba forming pseudopods to wiggle through a capillary pore even through it is much larger than the pore

36
Q

What is scar tissue made of?

A

after phagocytes clear debris, healing occurs by cell division or creation of scar tissue which is deposits of collagen proteins

37
Q

explain an interferon

A

group of 3 related cytokines released from virus infected cells that interfere with the ability of virus to replicate in other potential host cells

38
Q

explain natural killer cells

A

lymphocyte like cells that nonspecifically destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells. Have the ability to immediately recognize features of virus infected or cancer cells

39
Q

natural killer cells release ____ through _____ directly lysing target cells

A

chemicals
exocytosis

40
Q

complement system

A

contains many sequentially activated plasma proteins that circulate in blood stream in inactive form

41
Q

in the alternate complement pathway, the first component (C1) activated directly by

A

carbohydrate chains protruding from plasma membrane of foreign microbes

42
Q

in the classical complement pathway, the first component (C1) activated by

A

antibodies, which are attached to foreign material

part of the adaptive immune system

43
Q

Activation of ____ begins ______ leading to formation of a __________ in _______ of a nearby invading _______

A

C1

cascade

membrane attack complex

plasma membrane

microbe

44
Q

Each B-cell receptors are specific for

A

one type of antigen.

45
Q

what is an antigen

A

Large molecule that triggers immune response in the body

46
Q

What is the difference between T-dependent and T-independent antigens?

A

T dependent: depend on assistance of helper T cells to activate the B cell

T independent: directly activate B cell with no assistance from helper T cell

47
Q

What happens when a B cell is activated?

A

On binding of antigen to BCR of B-cell, the B-cell multiplies and its clones differentiate into active plasma cells or dormant memory cells

48
Q

Plasma cells produce and release massive amount of

A

antibody specific to the antigen

49
Q

clonal selection theory

A

The enormous array of B cells with different B cell receptors is established during fetal development before exposure to antigens

50
Q

During _____ development the Fragments of DNA encoding ________ are cut reshuffled, and spliced in many _______ across developing _____

A

B cell
B cell receptors
combinations
B cell

51
Q

memory cells

A

B-cell clones that remain dormant in preparation for future antigen exposures

52
Q

T-cells are exquisitely specific to _______, _____ in response to _______, and form a ________ that increases ______ ______

A

antigens
clone
activation
memory pool
secondary response

52
Q

Vaccination:

A

deliberately exposing a pathogen stripped of its disease producing capabilities in order to form memory cells to the pathogen

53
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity? How is it different than antibody-mediated immunity?

A

Antibody: B cells indirectly attack targets by labelling for destruction by innate immune system

Cell: T cells attack targets by direct contact

54
Q

What is similar between B and T cells?

A

Like B cells, T cells are exquisitely specific to antigens, clone in response to activation, and form a memory pool that increases secondary response

55
Q

What’s the main difference in their activation?

A

Unlike B cells, T cells only activate when foreign antigen is presented together with a self antigen on the surface of a body cell

56
Q

Immature lymphocytes differentiate into T cells in the _______ where they acquire TCRs and learn to recognize ______________ only in combination with ____ ____

A

thymus
foreign antigens
self antigens

57
Q

What are the three types of T cells?

A

cytotoxic
helper
regulatory

58
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroy host cells that present foreign antigen on the surface in conjunction with the MHC self antigen

59
Q

What protein is released by this cytotoxic T cell and what does that protein do?

A

Release perforin which forms large pores in the target cell, leading to lysis

60
Q

What is the main role of helper T cells?

A

Secrete cytokines that augment nearly every aspect of immune system

61
Q

effect of HIV

A

Cause loss of helper T cells ability to orchestrate immune response leading to AIDS

62
Q

What do regulatory T cells do?

A

Suppress both innate and adaptive immune responses in a check-and-balance fashion to minimize harmful effects of the immune response

63
Q

Class I major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins?
(location, recognition, and action)

A

found on nucleated body cells

specifically recognized by cytotoxic T cells

lead to destruction of presenting cell

64
Q

Class II major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins?
(location, recognition, and action)

A

found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

Specifically recognized by helper T cells

lead to activation of helper T cell and B cell

65
Q

dendritic cell

A

phagocyte similar to macrophages in body tissue

66
Q

what does a dendritic cell do

A

After engulfing foreign material, migrates to lymph nodes to present antigens along with class II MHC glycoproteins to helper T cells

67
Q
A
68
Q

tumor cell

A

Mutation occurs within genes that regulate cell division and growth – leads to unrestricted multiplication of the cell

69
Q

immune surveillance

A

Recognition and destruction of new, potentially cancerous tumor cells by T cells

70
Q

Mutations can be due to _______ – ______ _____, certain environmental chemicals or physical irritants

A

carcinogens
ionizing radiation

70
Q

slow growing tumor that doesn’t infiltrate surrounding tumor

A

benign

71
Q

fast growing tumor that infiltrations surrounding tissue

A

malignant

72
Q

malignant tumors don’t _____ to surrounding tissues, can ________ and travel through ___ ___ to other areas of body

A

adhere
break away
blood stream

73
Q

Don’t adhere well to surrounding tissue, can break away and travel through the bloodstream to other areas of body

AKA what

A

metastasis

74
Q

____, ____, and ____ work together to destroy cancer cells an release _____

A

cytotoxic T cells
natural killer cells
phagocytes
interferon

74
Q

Cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and phagocytes work together to destroy cancer cells, and release interferon which…

A

breaks down messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis which prevents cancer cells from multiplying

75
Q

Antimicrobial peptides secreted from epithelial surfaces that disrupts membrane of microbes

A

defensins

76
Q

skin, linings of digestive tracts, urogenital tract, respiratory airways, and lungs are examples of

A

epithelial linings

77
Q

What are the two layers of the skin? Which lymphoctye is scattered throughout these layers?

A

dermis and epidermis
T cells

78
Q

cells in the epidermis include

A

melanocytes
keratinocytes
langerhans cells
granstein cells

79
Q

produce pigment melanin, which absorbs UV rays that could cause mutations in theskin cells

A

melanocytes

80
Q

most abundant; specialize in keratin production; secrete cytokines that influence maturation of T cells in the skin

A

keratinocytes

81
Q

dendritic cells that present antigen to T cells

A

Langerhans cells:

82
Q

activate regulatory T cells to put an end to immune response

A

Granstein cells:

83
Q

dermis contain ____ glands (______) and ______ glands (_______________)

A

sweat (cooling evaporation)

sebaceous (oil to waterproof skin and keep from cracking)

84
Q

how do the glands in the dermis relate to the immune system

A

both secretions contain chemicals toxic to bacteria

physiology (5 decks)

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