Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

physiology > Physiology chapter 11 > Flashcards

Physiology chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main constituents of blood?

A

erythrocytes: RBC

leukocytes: WBC

platelets: thrombocytes - cell fragments

plasma: liquid containing proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does plasma contain

A

water, plasma proteins, electrolytes

organic molecules: glucose, amino acids, urea, and hormones

dissolved gasses: O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

plasma proteins are produced in ______

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three types of plasma proteins?

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

transport substances poorly soluble in plasma, nonspecific

A

albumins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

different subtypes may transport specific substances, or are factors in blood clotting, or help regulate salt balance

A

globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the main function of erythrocytes

A

to carry O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

key factor in blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Y subtype of globulins are called ______ (______) that are involved in _____ ______

A

antibodies
immunoglobulins
immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

erythrocytes are __________ shape providing large ______ for diffusion of ___

A

biconcave disc
surface area
O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

erythrocytes have an extremely flexible ____ ____ allowing it to squeeze through narrow _____

A

plasma membrane
capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main molecule inside erythrocytes? Where does O2 bind within this molecule?

A

Erythrocytes contain millions of hemoglobin which carry O2

each Hb molecule has four binding sites for oxygen - 4 heme groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Erythrocytes contain only enzymes for _____ and use ____ to maintain ion gradients

A

glycolysis
ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

O2 is poorly soluble in ______ so 98.5% is transported by ______

A

plasma
hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the color of hemoglobin bound to O2? How about without O2?

A

Hemoglobin + O2 is reddish color

Hemoglobin alone is a bluish color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

erythrocytes contian what enzyme

A

carbonic anhydrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of carbonic anhydrase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes CO2 (+) H2O –to– H+ (+) HCO3- (a bicarbonate ion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most CO2 produced by cellular respiration is transported in blood by what

A

biocarbonate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why do erythrocytes have a short life span?

A

During development the nucleus and organelles are eliminated to make room for hemoglobin resulting in a short life span of around 4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hemoglobin binds with ___ produced form ____ reaction keeping the pH of blood from be coming ____

A

H+
CO2
acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are old, fragile erythrocytes removed?

A

Spleen removes old fragile erythrocytes with rupture in its capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how are erythrocytes damaged

A

Squeezing through tight capillaries again and again leads to damage of plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

generation of new erythrocytes occurring in bone marrow of sternum, ribs, pelvis, and upper ends of limb bones

24
Q

which types of cells can differentiate into any blood cell

A

Pluripotent stem cells

25
Q

Where are leukocytes and platelets generated

A

bone marrow

26
Q

Erythropoiesis controlled by a _____ homeostatic feedback loop

A

negative

27
Q

explain the negative homeostatic feedback loop that erythropoiesis is controlled by

A

Decreased O2 level in blood detected by kidneys

Kidneys secrete hormone erythropoietin

Erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte precursor cells to proliferate and mature

Newly released erythrocytes increase O2 level in blood

28
Q

what is an antigen and what are examples of them

A

Large molecule that triggers immune response in the body

(protein, glycoprotein, or glycolipid on cell surface)

29
Q

What is the main function of leukocytes and where are they produced

A

The mobile units of the body’s immune system

produced in bone marrow

30
Q

leukocytes exist in _____ to be ______ across body rapidly

A

blood
transported

31
Q

explain polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

Nuclei segmented into several lobes of different shapes

Presence of membrane enclosed granules filled with stored chemicals that can be released by exocytosis

32
Q

what are the two groups of leukocytes

A

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

mononuclear agranulocytes

33
Q

What are the five subtypes of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

34
Q

Engulf and destroy bacteria by phagocytosis; release chemicals from granules that kill bacteria

A

Neutrophils

35
Q

Attach to parasitic worms and kill with granular chemicals; also associated with allergic conditions

A

Eosinophils:

36
Q

Synthesize and store the paracrines histamine & heparin

A

Basophils:

37
Q

Exits to body tissues, enlargens into macrophage, then exists from months to years

A

Monocytes:

38
Q

Produce antibodies; destroy cancer cells or body cells infected by viruse

A

Lymphocytes

39
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Very large cell in bone marrow that sheds off platelets

40
Q

What hormone stimulates the production and activity of megakaryocytes?

A

The liver secretes hormone thrombopoietin which stimulates an increase in the number and activity of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

41
Q

What do platelets consist of?

A

Cytoplasm of megakaryocyte

organelles and enzymes for energy production and secretion of substances

Contain actin and myosin which allow them to contraction

no nucleus

42
Q

platelets do not have a

A

nucleus

43
Q

hemostasis

A

the arrest of bleeding from a broken vessel

44
Q

_____, _____, and _____ often rupture by minor traumas but bleeding from _____ and ______ usually require surgery

A

capillaries, arterioles, and venules

arteries and large veins

45
Q

Three steps of hemostasis:

A

vascular spasm

formation of a platelet plug

blood coagulation (clotting)

46
Q

How does vascular spasm occur?

A

Injury to blood vessel causes release of a paracrine form the endothelial lining that causes vasoconstriction. The inner endothelial surface becomes sticky and opposing ends adhere to each other

47
Q

following the formation of the initial platelet platelet plug, what do actin and myosin in platelets do?

A

Actin myosin complex within aggregated platelets contract to tighten plug

Plug releasees several profound vasoconstrictors

Platlet plug releases chemicals that enhance blood coagulation

48
Q

What is the ultimate step in formation of a blood clot?

A

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

49
Q

How does the conversion to fibrin form a clot?

A

Fibrin is thread like and forms a loose mesh that adheres to damaged blood vessel surface and traps red blood cells and aggregating platlets, forming aclot

50
Q

Clot retraction:

A

platlets trapped in a clot retract, pulling edges of damaged vessel closer together

51
Q

intrinsic clot pathway is triggered at exposure of blood to

A

damaged blood vessel

52
Q

Extrinsic clot pathway is triggered at exposure of blood to

A

factors in damaged tissue outside of blood vessel

53
Q

Aggregated platelets ____ ____ that draws ________ to area, which form a ____ at vessel defect

A

secrete chemicals

fibroblast

scar

54
Q

______ is converted to ______ at same time as the ________ but trapped inside clot

A

plasminogen

plasmin

clot formation

55
Q

What does activated plasmin do?

A

Plasmin slowly dissolves fibrin mesh over time

56
Q
A
57
Q
A

physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions