Physiology chapter 11

Question 1

What are the four main constituents of blood?

Answer 1

erythrocytes: RBC

leukocytes: WBC

platelets: thrombocytes - cell fragments

plasma: liquid containing proteins

Question 2

what does plasma contain

Answer 2

water, plasma proteins, electrolytes

organic molecules: glucose, amino acids, urea, and hormones

dissolved gasses: O2 and CO2

Question 3

plasma proteins are produced in ______

Answer 3

liver

Question 4

What are the three types of plasma proteins?

Answer 4

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

Question 5

transport substances poorly soluble in plasma, nonspecific

Answer 5

albumins

Question 6

different subtypes may transport specific substances, or are factors in blood clotting, or help regulate salt balance

Answer 6

globulins

Question 7

what is the main function of erythrocytes

Answer 7

to carry O2

Question 8

key factor in blood clotting

Answer 8

fibrinogen

Question 9

Y subtype of globulins are called ______ (______) that are involved in _____ ______

Answer 9

antibodies
immunoglobulins
immune system

Question 10

erythrocytes are __________ shape providing large ______ for diffusion of ___

Answer 10

biconcave disc
surface area
O2

Question 11

erythrocytes have an extremely flexible ____ ____ allowing it to squeeze through narrow _____

Answer 11

plasma membrane
capillaries

Question 12

What is the main molecule inside erythrocytes? Where does O2 bind within this molecule?

Answer 12

Erythrocytes contain millions of hemoglobin which carry O2

each Hb molecule has four binding sites for oxygen - 4 heme groups

Question 13

Erythrocytes contain only enzymes for _____ and use ____ to maintain ion gradients

Answer 13

glycolysis
ATP

Question 14

O2 is poorly soluble in ______ so 98.5% is transported by ______

Answer 14

plasma
hemoglobin

Question 15

What is the color of hemoglobin bound to O2? How about without O2?

Answer 15

Hemoglobin + O2 is reddish color

Hemoglobin alone is a bluish color

Question 16

erythrocytes contian what enzyme

Answer 16

carbonic anhydrase

Question 17

what is the function of carbonic anhydrase

Answer 17

Enzyme that catalyzes CO2 (+) H2O –to– H+ (+) HCO3- (a bicarbonate ion)

Question 18

Most CO2 produced by cellular respiration is transported in blood by what

Answer 18

biocarbonate ions

Question 19

Why do erythrocytes have a short life span?

Answer 19

During development the nucleus and organelles are eliminated to make room for hemoglobin resulting in a short life span of around 4 months

Question 20

Hemoglobin binds with ___ produced form ____ reaction keeping the pH of blood from be coming ____

Answer 20

H+
CO2
acidic

Question 21

Where are old, fragile erythrocytes removed?

Answer 21

Spleen removes old fragile erythrocytes with rupture in its capillaries

Question 22

how are erythrocytes damaged

Answer 22

Squeezing through tight capillaries again and again leads to damage of plasma membrane

Question 23

Erythropoiesis

Answer 23

generation of new erythrocytes occurring in bone marrow of sternum, ribs, pelvis, and upper ends of limb bones

Question 24

which types of cells can differentiate into any blood cell

Answer 24

Pluripotent stem cells

Question 25

Where are leukocytes and platelets generated

Answer 25

bone marrow

Question 26

Erythropoiesis controlled by a _____ homeostatic feedback loop

Answer 26

negative

Question 27

explain the negative homeostatic feedback loop that erythropoiesis is controlled by

Answer 27

Decreased O2 level in blood detected by kidneys Kidneys secrete hormone erythropoietin Erythropoietin stimulates erythrocyte precursor cells to proliferate and mature Newly released erythrocytes increase O2 level in blood

Question 28

what is an antigen and what are examples of them

Answer 28

Large molecule that triggers immune response in the body (protein, glycoprotein, or glycolipid on cell surface)

Question 29

What is the main function of leukocytes and where are they produced

Answer 29

The mobile units of the body’s immune system produced in bone marrow

Question 30

leukocytes exist in _____ to be ______ across body rapidly

Answer 30

blood transported

Question 31

explain polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Answer 31

Nuclei segmented into several lobes of different shapes Presence of membrane enclosed granules filled with stored chemicals that can be released by exocytosis

Question 32

what are the two groups of leukocytes

Answer 32

polymorphonuclear granulocytes mononuclear agranulocytes

Question 33

What are the five subtypes of leukocytes?

Answer 33

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes

Question 34

Engulf and destroy bacteria by phagocytosis; release chemicals from granules that kill bacteria

Answer 34

Neutrophils

Question 35

Attach to parasitic worms and kill with granular chemicals; also associated with allergic conditions

Answer 35

Eosinophils:

Question 36

Synthesize and store the paracrines histamine & heparin

Answer 36

Basophils:

Question 37

Exits to body tissues, enlargens into macrophage, then exists from months to years

Answer 37

Monocytes:

Question 38

Produce antibodies; destroy cancer cells or body cells infected by viruse

Answer 38

Lymphocytes

Question 39

What are megakaryocytes?

Answer 39

Very large cell in bone marrow that sheds off platelets

Question 40

What hormone stimulates the production and activity of megakaryocytes?

Answer 40

The liver secretes hormone thrombopoietin which stimulates an increase in the number and activity of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

Question 41

What do platelets consist of?

Answer 41

Cytoplasm of megakaryocyte organelles and enzymes for energy production and secretion of substances Contain actin and myosin which allow them to contraction no nucleus

Question 42

platelets do not have a

Answer 42

nucleus

Question 43

hemostasis

Answer 43

the arrest of bleeding from a broken vessel

Question 44

_____, _____, and _____ often rupture by minor traumas but bleeding from _____ and ______ usually require surgery

Answer 44

capillaries, arterioles, and venules arteries and large veins

Question 45

Three steps of hemostasis:

Answer 45

vascular spasm formation of a platelet plug blood coagulation (clotting)

Question 46

How does vascular spasm occur?

Answer 46

Injury to blood vessel causes release of a paracrine form the endothelial lining that causes vasoconstriction. The inner endothelial surface becomes sticky and opposing ends adhere to each other

Question 47

following the formation of the initial platelet platelet plug, what do actin and myosin in platelets do?

Answer 47

Actin myosin complex within aggregated platelets contract to tighten plug Plug releasees several profound vasoconstrictors Platlet plug releases chemicals that enhance blood coagulation

Question 48

What is the ultimate step in formation of a blood clot?

Answer 48

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 49

How does the conversion to fibrin form a clot?

Answer 49

Fibrin is thread like and forms a loose mesh that adheres to damaged blood vessel surface and traps red blood cells and aggregating platlets, forming aclot

Question 50

Clot retraction:

Answer 50

platlets trapped in a clot retract, pulling edges of damaged vessel closer together

Question 51

intrinsic clot pathway is triggered at exposure of blood to

Answer 51

damaged blood vessel

Question 52

Extrinsic clot pathway is triggered at exposure of blood to

Answer 52

factors in damaged tissue outside of blood vessel

Question 53

Aggregated platelets ____ ____ that draws ________ to area, which form a ____ at vessel defect

Answer 53

secrete chemicals fibroblast scar

Question 54

______ is converted to ______ at same time as the ________ but trapped inside clot

Answer 54

plasminogen plasmin clot formation

Question 55

What does activated plasmin do?

Answer 55

Plasmin slowly dissolves fibrin mesh over time