Physiology and Pharmacology Flashcards
What is an exception to the antagonistic formatting of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?
The cooperation in achieving males sexual function.
The process of achieving an erection is achieved through the parasympathetic pathway whilst the process of ejaculation is achieved through the sympathetic pathway.
Name 2 structures innervated by only the Synpathetic pathway and how they function under these conditions.
Sweat glands and Blood vessel smooth muscle. This functions due to the up and down regulation of SS control. i.e an increased signal rate causes vasoconstriction whilst a decrease in signal rate causes vasodilation.
What does adrenaline act as and what changes does it bring about?
Acts as a non-selective agonist.
Adrenaline activates both alpha and beta receptors.
Causes blood pressure to increase
Dilares bronchi
What is a medical use for adrenaline?
Used in Epi-Pens to treat anaphylactic shock.
What is are nasal decongestants comprised of?
Alpha 1 selective agonists.
What is salbutamol comprised of?
Beta 2 selective agonists. Targets the bronchial smooth muscle causing them to dilate.
Give an example of a clinical use for Beta 1 selective antagonists.
Proparanolol and atenolol. Beta blockers are used to lower blood pressure and heart rate.
What do muscarinic receptors in the heart do once stimulated?
Decrease heart rate.
What are the effects of ingesting muscarine?
Decreased blood pressure
Increased saliva, tear flow and sweating
Name a use for pilocarpine?
Eye drops, used to treat glaucoma. This reduces the pressure in the eye by increasing the drainage of aqueous humour from inside the eye into the blood stream.
How does high eye pressure result due to glaucoma?
Glaucoma occurs when the trabecular meshwork of the eye becomes partially blocked. This blockage prevents the aqueous humour from draining properly, causing an increase in intraocular pressure which can damage the optic nerve.
What is atropine?
A cholinergic antagonist. It blocks muscarinic receptors.
Name 4 Non-Adrenergic, Non-Cholinergic neurotransmitters (NANC)
Substance P
Nitric oxide
ATP
VIP
What is the ANS and what are its main divisions?
Efferent division of the visceral NS.
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.
Name 3 differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?
Pre-ganglionic fivre length, anatomical location, post ganglionic transmitter
What is focal calicification?
Calcium deposition in the arterial walls causing thickenting/toughening.
What is atherosclerosis?
Lipid and monocyte decomposition in the tunica media. Results as a result of cholesterol and LDL build up, alongside a depletion in ApoE.
Where is angeotensinogen produced?
Liver
Where is renin produced?
Kidney as a result of a drop in blood pressure.
What does renin do?
Catalyses the formation of angiotensin 1 from angiotensinogen.
Where is angiotensin converting enzyme produced?
Lungs
What does angiotensin converting enzyme do?
Catalyses the formation of angiotensin 2 from angiotensin 1.
What does angiotnsin 2 do?
Acts as a powerful vasoconstrictor. Allows an increase in Bloop pressure.
What two factors effect systolic pressure?
Ejection Velocity and Stroke volume
What two factors effect diastolic pressure?
Total peripheral resistance and Blood flow from arterial to venous sides.
Name a sympathetic agonist at alpha 1 receptors what increase TPR by vasoconstricting.
Phenylephrine