Neuroscience Flashcards
Name 3 divisions of the NS
Central NS
Peripheral NS
Enteric NS
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain and Spinal Cord
What does the PNS consist of?
Nerves and cell bodies protruding from the brain and spinal cord.
What is the Enteric nervous system?
Often percieved as being the PNS, the enteric nervous system is a system of interneurones, motorneurones and afferent neurones which form complexes called Plexuses that surround the gastrointestinal tract.
What is viscera?
The internal organs and main cavities of the body.
How many pairs of peripheral nerves are there?
43 pairs.
What is a neuron? what does it contain? what does it not contain?
Neurons are bundles of individual nerve processes. They contain axons. They DONT contain dendrites are dendrites are specialized for receiving inputs. They also don’t contain neuronal cell bodies.
What does it mean if a nerve is defined as being Mixed?
It contains both Sensory and Motor neurons.
Describe the composition of a nerve.
It begins with nerve fibers, each nerve fiber is surrounded by a coating called the Endoneurium. These nerve fibers are bundled together into Fascicles. individual fascicles bundle are surrounded by a protective coating called the Perineurium. Fascicles are bundled together and surrounded by another protective sheath called the Epineurium. The epineurium also encloses the fascicles with blood vessels.
Name the cranial nerves. in order 1 to 12.
1 - Olfactory 2 - Optic 3 - Oculomotor 4 -Trochlear 5 - Trigeminal 6 - Abducens 7 - Facial 8 - Vestibulocochlear 9 - Glossopharyngeal 10 - Vagus 11 - Accessory 12 - Hypoglossal
What % of PNS outflow id the vagus nerve responsible for?
80%
What is the function of an interneuron?
Act as relay neurons. Allow commuication between sensory and motor neurons and the CNS.
What is the function of a Motor neuron?
Carry impulses from the Brain/Spinal cord to the Muscles/Glands.
What is the function of a sensory neuron?
Carry sensory information to the brain/spinal cord.
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
What are RAMI?
Where the spinal cord nerves project out of the spine and begin to branch.
What is a dermatome?
An area of the skin which is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve.
Is the somatic (afferent) division voluntary of involuntary? and what is it associated with?
Voluntary. Associated with pain.
Whats the difference in the transmission of signals in Somatic and Autonomic efferents?
In somatic efferents, the signal travels down motor axons from the spinal cord straight to the muscle.
In Autonomic efferents, the signal travels down motor axons to a synapse with another cell in a ganglion, this cell then innervates the muscle/gland.
In the Autonomic efferent pathway, what is the difference in the myelination of axons?
The axons between the spinal cord and the ganglion are myelinated. The axons between the ganglion and the muscle/gland are NOT myelinated.
What are the sympathetic ganglia near the spinal cord called and what do they form?
Paravertebral ganglia and form the sympathetic chain.
What are sympathetic ganglia close to the target called?
Collateral ganglia.
How many synapses can a single preganglionic sympathetic axon innervate?
20
How many synapses can a single preganglionic parasympathetic axon innervate?
4
Are sympathetic preganglionic neurones short or long?
Short
Are parasympathetic preganglionic neurones short or long?
Long
What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS’ have in common?
They both use Ach and N2 receptors.
Are parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons Adrenergic or Cholinergic?
Cholinergic. They use mAChR - muscarinic acetyl choline receptors. These are G-protein receptor complexes.
What is trepanning?
Opening up the skull.
Who studied brain tumors between 500-200BC?
Huang Ti
Who thought consciousness came from the heart?
Aristotle
Who thought conciousness came from the brain?
Plato
Who was one of the first to use animals as model organsims?
Galen
Name 2 Islamic Scholars in neuroscience/
Al-Hazen and Al-Zahrawi
Who studied the giant squid axon? And what species was it? And what did they use it for?
Hodgkin and Huxley. Loligo pealei squid. They used a micropipette to flush out ions allowing the determination of ion flows during action potentials. This allowed them to see what ions were inside and outside the membrane.
Who first pointed out the giant squid axon?
J Z young
What organism is used to study apoptosis?
C. Elegans
Who first discovered how fast electrical stimulation traveled across a nerve?
Helmholts.
Who discovered how Axons grow?
Ross J Harrison
Who investigated how nerves pathfind and how did he do it?
Sperry. He cut the optic nerve and turned it upside down in a cat, it grew back but altered the cats vision as it saw things 180 degrees differently.
What 3 scientists studied on chicks?
Victor hamburger. Rita Levi-Montalcini and Nichole Le douarin.
Who studied imprinting in chicks?
Konrad Lorenz
Who studied passive avoidance training in chicks?
Steven Rose
Who names the Autonomic Nervous System?
Langley.
Who researched engram (the part of the brain that stores memory) in rats?
Lashley.
Name and describe 2 Neural tube defects.
Spina bifidia - The neural tube doesn’t close properly. This can lead to improper formation of the spinal cord.
Anencephaly - Occurs during the first few weeks of embryonic development and results in a the neural tube failing to close. This results in offspring being born without a forebrain.
Why is follic acid useful during pregnancy?
It acts as a coenzyme to prevent neural tube defects. During embryonic development, the cells require follic acid to grow cells, tissues and organs.
What are the 3 primary brain vesicles? and what do they become?
Prosencephalon - Forebrain
Mesencephalon - Midbrain
Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain.
What does the caudal neural tube give rise to?
Spinal cord
What are the secondary brain vesicles of the forebrain?
The prosencephalon differentiates into the telencephalon and the optic vesicles which both sprout off a structure called the diencephalon.
What does the hindbrain differentiate into?
Metencephalon and myelencephalon.
What does the metencephalon and myelencephalon become?
- The metencephalon (rostral half) becomes the Pons and cerebellum.
- The myelencephalon (caudal half) becomes the Medulla oblongata.
How do the optic nerves and retinas form?
They form from the optic vesicles. The optic vesicles grow and invaginate to become the optic stalks and further to become the optic stalks. These later become the optic nerves and retinas for both eyes.
What does the Telencephalon form and how does it do it?
The telencephalon forms the two cerbral hemispheres. The telencphalic vesigles grow posteriorls so they lie lateral to the diencephalon and begin to encase it. They continue to grow laterally and fuse at the top and front (dorsal and rostral).
Where do the olfactory bulbs differentiate from?
Telencephalon. They sprout off the ventral surfaces off the newly formed cerebral hemespheres and give rise to the olfactory bulbs.
Where do the hypothalamus and thalamus derive from?
Diencephalon
What do the bundles of axons and neurones in the developing forebrain give rise to?
Cortical white matter.
Corpus Callosum
Internal Capsule.
What is the function of the cortical white matter?
Contains all the axons that run to and from the neurons in the cerbral cortex.
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
It is continuous with the white cortical matter and acts as an axonal bridge linking the cortical neurons of the two cerebral hemispheres.
What is the function of the internal capsule?
It is continuous with the white cortical matter and links the cortex to the brain stem, particularly the thalamus.
What does the midbrain differentiate into?
It doesn’t differentiate much. The dorsal surface of the mesencephalon differentiates into the tectum. The ventral surface of the mesencephalon differentiates into the tegmentum.
What does the tectum differentiate into?
The inferior and superior colliculi.
What is the role of the superior colliculus?
Responsible for receiving direct input from the eye and controls eye movement. Often referred to as the optic tectum.
What is the role of the inferior colliculus?
Receives sensory information from the ear and relays auditory information to the thalamus.
What 2 nerves bundle with the superior colliculus?
Oculomotor (3) and Trochlear (4)
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Coordination of body movements.
What is the role of the pons?
Acts as a switchboard, connecting the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.
How many ventricles are there in the brain?
- 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle.
Where are the brain ventricles located?
The third ventricle is located in the diencephalon (between the left and right thalamus).
The fourth ventricle is located at the back of the pons and the upper half of the medulla in the hind brain.
The two lateral vesicles are the biggest. They have a C shape and span through the parietal and frontal lobe. They finish at the interventricular foramina.
What is the interventricular formina?
The area of the brain where each lateral ventricle connects to the third ventricle.
What do the brain ventricles contain? and what is its function?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) this protects the brain
What is the role of the cerebral aqueduct?
Connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.
What is the spinal cord encased in?
A bony vertebrae called the spinal canal. The spinal canal is made up of arches of bone that connect to the underside of vertebral bodies.
What are the 3 meninges? outer to inner.
Dura matter, Arachnoid and Pia mater.
What does the dura form?
The dura is a tough, inelastic bag sround the brain and spinal cord. it splits into two forming the endosteal layer and the meningeal layer, inbetween is the dura sinus.
What is a subdural hematoma?
Where a blood vessel passing through the dura ruptures. Treated by drilling a hole into the skull and draining the blood.
Which meningies are separated and which aren’t?
The Dura and Arachnoid are always touching. The Arachnoid and the Pia are separated by a fluid filled space containing cerebrospinal fluid called the subarachnoid space.
What is the blood brain barrier formed by?
Capillary endothelial cells.
What 3 areas does the Cerebrospinal fluid flow?
Cerebral aqueduct.
Brain ventricles.
Subarachnoid space.
How can CSF be sampled?
Using lumbar puncture. A needle is inserted between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
What is the blood brain barrier?
A highly selectively permeable physiological barrier between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Consists of capillary endothelial cells, tight junctions and astrocytes.
What are ganglia/nuclei?
Clusters of neurons.
What is the term used when there is crossing over of sensory and motor pathways?
Decussation.
Give an example of where decussation is seen?
Corticospinal tract. Occurs near where the medulla joins the spinal cord each pyramidal tract crosses causing pyramidal decussation.
Where is the site of origin for many cranial nerves?
Brain stem.
What 3 structures is the brainstem comprised of?
Medulla Oblongate
Pons
Mesencephalon
What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?
Control of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Name 4 major features of the Medulla Oblongata.
Fibre tracts.
Nuclei (ganglia)
Olives
Nerve roots.
What is the function of nuclei (ganglia) in the Medulla Oblongata?
These are clusters of neurones responsible for channeling information to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.