Physiology and Metabolism

Question 1

Describe the 6 levels of organization of life

Answer 1

chemical
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

Question 2

Overview of digestion

Answer 2

Mouth
 -starch-digesting amylase
Esophagus
Stomach
 -protein-digesting pepsin
Small Intestine
 -duodenum
 -jejunum
 -ileum
Colon-Cecum
 -ascending
 -transverse
 -descending
Liver 
 -bile to digest fat
Gall bladder
 -storage,concentration, 
 release of bile into small 
 intestine
Pancreas
 -secrete sodium bicarbonate
 carb, fat, protein-digesting 
 enzymes
Small Intestine
 -absorption of most 
 substances using enzymes  
 made by pancreas and small 
 intestine
Large Intestine
 -absorption of electrolytes 
 and water

Question 3

Overview of Absorption

Answer 3

Passive Diffusion
 -does not need help
Facilitated Diffusion
 -needs a passage way
Active Transport
 -needs energy 
Endocytosis
 -Pinocytosis
      -joins membranes
 -Phagocytosis
      -eaten

Question 4

Overview of Transport

Answer 4

1. right side of heart takes in oxygen-depleted

The portal vein/lymphatic system we talked about in class collects blood from the capillaries around the intestine and delivers it to capillary beds in the LIVER

Question 5

Overview of Excretion

Answer 5

gastrointestinal tract- feces
kidney- urine
skin- perspiration
lungs- CO2 and water

Question 6

Overview of Intermediary Metabolism

Answer 6

ADP -> respiration (Carbohydrate, fat, protein, alcohol) -> ATP -> Energy use ( building compounds, move muscles, etc) -> Pi + ADP

Question 7

Artery details

Answer 7

Lumen is the center and the artery wall is the outer. THe artery wall consists of the adventitia
media
intima

Question 8

Catabolism

Answer 8

ADP + Pi to ATP so using nutrients (metabolism)

Question 9

Anabolism

Answer 9

Storing/creating amino acids to proteins, sugars to glycogen, fatty acids to triglycerides

Question 10

Intermediary Metabolism

Answer 10

Catabolism/breakdown -> Acetyl-CoA -> citric acid cycle

glucose -> pyruvic acid -> acetyl CoA -> Citric Acid Cycle

Glycolysis is anaerobic
citric acid is aerobic