Carbohydrates Flashcards
Health issues related to CHO
diabetes mellitus hypoglycemia disaccharidase deficiencies -abdominal cramps -watery diarrhea -bloating dental caries galactosemia -genetic galactose in blood glycogen storage disease -genetic cannot convert glycogen to glucose
Monosaccharides
glucose 70
fructose 120-180
galactose
Disaccharides
sucrose 1 -glucose/fructose lactose 20 -glucose/galatose maltose 40 -glucose/glucose
Polysaccharides
Starches -amylose -amylopectin (branched) Cellulose Glycogen Others
Relative sweetness
based on sucrose (1)
Artificial sweeteners
sunett sweet one (acesulfame-K) nutrasweet (aspartame, saccharin) sucaryl (cyclamate, neotame) splenda (sucralose) tagatose
Amylose
alpha 1,4
Amylopectin
alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6
Cellulose
beta 1,4
Total fiber
sum of dietary and functional
dietary is nondigestible while functional is digestible and beneficial
Starch
salivary amylase in mouth, pancreatic amylase in small intestine -> (maltase) glucose
Maltose
maltase in small intestine (glucose)
Glucose
glucose all the way
Sucrose
HCl in stomach can change it to glucose or fructose -> (sucrase) glucose or fructose
Fructose
fructose all the way
Lactose
lactase (glucose) and galactose
Blood glucose
fasting level 70-110
glycogenesis (glycogen sythesis)
glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown)
lipogensesis (fatty acid synthesis)
transamination (aa synthesis)
gluconeogenesis (aa degradation
insulin brings down blood glucose level
glucagon brings up low blood glucose
glucose metabolism
glycolysis (cytoplasm)
citric acid cycle (mitochondria)
no oxygen no energy
glycemic load and index
index: ratio of blood glucose response to a given food in comparison to standard
load: index multiplied time the grams of carbohydrate in 1 serving
DRI
RDA 130g/d
AI for DF 38 M, 25 W
Energy 4 kcal/g
