Physiology and health Flashcards
Where are the gametes produced in males and females?
Eggs are produced in the ovaries and sperm are produced in the testes.
Describe interstitial cells and seminiferous tubules?
Interstitial cells produce testosterone and the seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm production.
describe the three hormones in me and their function?
FSH - promotes sperm production
ICSH - stimulates the interstitial cells to release testosterone
Testosterone - stimulates sperm production
Name the pituitary hormones produced in females and describe their function?
FSH - stimulates development of a follicle
LH - triggers ovulation
Describe the effect of a peak in LH in the female body?
A peak in LH triggers ovulation
What structure produces testosterone?
The corpus luteum produces progesterone
What effect does a rise of progesterone have on the female body?
A rise in progesterone thickens the endometrium
describe the effect of a decrease of progesterone has on the menstrual cycle?
A decrease in progesterone causes menstruation to occur as the endometrium lining breaks down
State why the female body might be infertile?
a female can be infertile if she fails to ovulate, she has a blockage in her oviduct or the egg fails to implant
How can a females fertile period be calculated?
A females fertile period can be calculated by a rise in body temperature or thinning of the cervical mucus
What is artificial insemination?
Artificial insemination is when sperm is introduced to the female reproductive system by other means than sexual intercourse.
Describe ICSI?
ICSI stands for intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection and is when the head of a sperm is injected directly into the egg
What is IVF and where are the fertilised eggs placed in the female body?
IVF stands for in-vitro fertilisation and it is when eggs are fertilised outside the female body. the eggs are placed in the uterus
Describe the importance of antenatal screening?
antenatal screening is used to identify the risk of the foetus inheriting any genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities
What is the dating scan and what is it used to determine?
A date scan is an ultrasound that shows the stage of pregnancy and determines the babies due date.
What is PGD and what is it used for?
PGD is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and it is used to check for known chromosomal or genetic defects. usually used with IVF
What is tissue fluid?
Tissue fluid is plasma that has been squeezed from the capillaries under high pressure, known as pressure filtration, and surrounds body cells at capillary beds.
What useful substances does tissue fluid carry to cells?
Tissue fluid carries oxygen, glucose and amino acids
What is the function of a lymph vessel?
Lymph vessels transport excess tissue fluid as lymph and return it to the circulatory system
What is the natural heart pacemaker?
The SAN or Sino-atrial node is the pacemaker of the heart
What is the function of valves?
Valves prevent backflow of blood
Where are valves located in the heart?
Valves are found between atriums and ventricles (AV valves)
The tricuspid is on the right side and the bicuspid on the left.
semi lunar valves are found on the way out of the heart in the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Name the valves in the heart?
tricuspid
bicuspid
Semi lunar valves
Describe what happens in atrial systole and ventricular systole?
During atrial systole the atriums contract and force blood to the ventricles. During ventricular systole the ventricles contract and force blood to the heart
Describe the effect the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves have on heart rate?
Sympathetic nerve increases heart rate and the parasympathetic nerve decreases heart rate
What is atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is the build up of fatty material under the endothelium lining of the artery that increases pressure
What is a thrombus?
A thrombus is a blood clot formed when the atheroma breaks the lining of the artery
Name the enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and clots the blood
Why can a blood clot in an artery lead to a stroke?
A blood clot in an artery can lead to a stroke as the clot can break free, move to an artery in the brain and deprive the tissue/cells of oxygen and can lead to death.
How is blood glucose controlled?
Insulin converts glucose to glycogen and glucagon converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver
State where the receptors are located that controls blood glucose?
The pancreas has receptors that detect blood glucose levels
Name the hormone produced when blood glucose falls and describe the effect this hormone has?
Glucagon converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver and blood glucose levels increase
What is type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes I when the body does not produce insulin. type 2 are no longer sensitive to insulin
What treatment are available to type 1 and type 2 diabetics?
type 1 diabetics receive regular insulin injections. type 2 diabetics need a controlled diet and increased exercise.
