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Higher Human Biology > Immunology and Public Health > Flashcards

Immunology and Public Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Pathogens are disease causing organisms

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2
Q

Explain the meaning of Immunity?

A

Immunity is the ability of the body to resist infection by a pathogen or to destroy the organism if it infects the body?

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3
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Non-Specific and Specific

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4
Q

What do non specific defences work against?

A

Work against any type of disease causing agent

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5
Q

How is skin a non specific defence?

A

Skin is made of epithelial cells that form a protective barrier against bacteria and viruses

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6
Q

Secretions such as tears and saliva contain what? and therefore what happens?

A

The enzyme lysozyme

Which digests the cell walls of bacteria and destroys them

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7
Q

When does the Inflammatory response occur?

A

The inflammatory response occurs when the body suffers a physical injury such as a cut and invasion by microorganism

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8
Q

What do Mast cells produce?

A

Histamine

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9
Q

What is Histamine and what does it do?

A

Histamine is a chemical that causes blood vessels to vasodilate and capillaries to become more permeable.

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10
Q

Explain what happens after a physical injury?

A
  • Mast cells become activated and release lots of histamine
  • Blood vessels in injured area vasodilate and capillaries become swollen with blood
  • Additional supply of blood causes area to become red and inflamed
  • The capillary walls become more permeable and leak fluid into neighbouring tissue
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11
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cytokines are cell-signalling protein molecules secreted by many types of cell, including white blood cells at the site of an infection.

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12
Q

What are the benefits of inflammatory response?

A
  • Enhanced migration of phagocytes to damaged tissue
  • speedy delivery of antimicrobial proteins to amplify the immune response
  • Rapid delivery of blood clotting chemicals to stop blood flow and reduce further infection in the damaged area.
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13
Q

What do Phagocytes do?

A

Recognise surface antigens on pathogens

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14
Q

Phagocytes have many lysosomes which contain what?

A

Digestive enzymes such as lysozyme and protease

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15
Q

The phagocyte engulfs bacterium so lysosomes can do what?

A

fuse with it and digest it

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16
Q

Phagocytes also release what and why?

A

Cytokines in order to attract more phagocytes to the infected area to help continue the battle against the infection

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17
Q

Dead bacteria and phagocytes form what?

A

Pus?

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18
Q

What do Natural killer cells mount attacks on?

A

Virus-infected cells and cancer cells

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19
Q

Explain how NK cells work?

A
  • Release proteins to form pores in target cells membrane
  • Allowing signal molecule to enter and control cell
  • self-destructive enzymes are produced
  • cells DNA and vital proteins are broken down and kills cell
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20
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The process of pre programmed cell death

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21
Q

Why are cytokines released by phagocytes and NK cells?

A

They stimulate specific immune response by activating lymphocytes

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22
Q

Explain immune surveillance?

A
  • White blood cells constantly circulate and monitor tissue.
  • If damaged tissue is discovered cells release cytokines which increase blood flow
  • therefore specific white blood cells arrive at site of infection
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23
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

An antigen is a molecule recognised as foreign by the body and therefore triggers a response from a lymphocyte

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24
Q

Each Lymphocyte has antigen receptors on its surface that are what?

A

Specific to one antigen

25
Q

Describe how a clonal population of identical lymphocytes are formed?

A

When a lymphocyte has been selected by an antigen the lymphocyte will divide repeatedly

26
Q

T Lymphocytes have specific surface proteins which allow them to do what?

A

distinguish between self molecules on the surface of the body’s own cells and foreign molecules on the surface of cells not belonging to the body.

27
Q

What are the four blood groups?

A

A
B
AB
O

28
Q

Each blood group has antigens on the cells to do what?

A

so the body can recognise them as self or non-self

29
Q

People who have antigen D on their red blood cells are said to be what?

A

Rh+

30
Q

During birth the mothers and foetal blood mixes. if the mother is Rh- and foetus is Rh+ what happens to the mothers blood?

A

The mothers blood becomes sensitised and she produces antibodies against the foetus antigens

31
Q

What is Autoimmunity?

A

Autoimmunity is when the body no longer tolerates its own self antigens and T lymphocytes will attack the body’s own cells.

32
Q

Name 3 types of autoimmune diseases?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis

33
Q

What is an allergy?

A

An allergy is a hypersensitive B lymphocyte response to an antigen that is normally harmless

34
Q

What are the 3 types of Lymphocytes?

A
  • Helper T cells(TH cells)
  • Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)
  • B cells
35
Q

Describe Helper T cells?

A
  • TH cells can recognise and bind to foreign antigens on any antigen presenting cell
  • This causes TH cell to become activated and starts the formation of a clone of activated TH cells and a clone of memory TH cells
  • Activated TH cells secrete cytokines which stimulate other cells including TC cells and B Cells
36
Q

Describe Cytotoxic T cells?

A
  • Each antigen has a specific Tc Cell able to bind with its surface antigens
  • After binding Tc cell becomes activated and then proliferates and differentiates
  • Gives a rise of clone of activated Tc cells and a clone of memory Tc cells
  • Activated Tc cells move to the site of infection under influence of cytokines which are released by TH cells
37
Q

What do B Cells produce?

A

Antibodies

38
Q

What are antibodies?

A

An antibody is a Y- shaped protein molecule specific to a particular antigen

39
Q

What is a primary response?

A

After the first exposure to an antigen memory cells are formed

40
Q

On the second exposure to the antigen what happens?

A

Memory cells are quickly cloned and creates a higher concentration of antibodies.

41
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

An infectious disease is one that is capable of being transmitted from one person to another by direct or indirect contact

42
Q

How are infectious diseases caused?

A

Caused by many types of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and multicellular parasites

43
Q

What are the many methods that infectious diseases can be transmitted?

A
  • Direct Contact
  • Inhaled air
  • Indirect contact
  • Bodily fluids
  • Faecal- oral route
  • Vector organisms
44
Q

What are the ways to control transmission of infectious diseases?

A
  • Quarantine
  • Antisepsis
  • Individual responsibility
  • community responsibility
  • vector control
45
Q

Describe the term epidemiology?

A

Epidemiology of an infectious disease is the study of its characteristics such as location, patter and speed, geological distribution.

46
Q

Describe the term SPORADIC?

A

Occurs in scattered or isolated instances with no connection between them

47
Q

Describe the term ENDEMIC?

A

Recurs as regular number of cases in a particular area

48
Q

Describe the term EPIDEMIC?

A

Simultaneously affects an unusually large number of people in a particular area.

49
Q

Describe the term PANDEMIC?

A

Occurs as a series of epidemics that spreads across whole continents or even throughout the worls.

50
Q

State the appropriate control measures for infectious diseases?

A
  • Preventing transmission
  • Drug therapy
  • immunisation
51
Q

What is immunisation?

A

Immunisation is the process by which a person develops immunity to a disease-causing organism

52
Q

What is meant by active immunity?

A

Active immunity is when protection is gained by a persons body producing its own antibodes

53
Q

What is naturally acquired active immunity?

A

When a person survives infection by a a pathogen and then at a later date have a secondary response that produces specific antibodies.

54
Q

Name an example of artificially acquired active immunity?

A

Vaccination

55
Q

Describe a Vaccine?

A
  • A vaccine deliberately introduces a weakened form of a pathogen into the body by injection, ingestion or nasal spray.
  • pathogen acts as an antigen and initiates an immune response.
  • the pathogen is damaged so cannot replicate but the specific antibodies are still produced.
56
Q

What is a antigen in a vaccine normally mixed with and why?

A

An adjuvant to enhance the immune response

57
Q

How to some B and T cells persist in the body?

A

As memory cells

58
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Herd immunity is the form of protection given indirectly to the non-immune minority by the immune majority of a population.

Higher Human Biology (6 decks)

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