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YEAR 2 Notion > Physiology and > Flashcards

Physiology and Flashcards

1
Q

difference in kids resp system

A

kids have high anterior larynx and floppy epiglottis

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2
Q

difference in kids cardio system

A

small blood volume so minor blood losses can have major clinical implications

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3
Q

what is prominent in the head of a kid

A

occiput

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4
Q

what predisposes kids to hypothermia

A

large surface area

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5
Q

what are less well protected in kids

A

underlying structures under the ribs and sternum as their is lack of complete ossification of the ribs/sternum

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6
Q

what is the most important predictor of personality of kids

A

childs early relationship with primary caregiver

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7
Q

when do babies form strong attachment to one individual and get separation and stranger anxiety

A

7-11 months

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8
Q

what stage is between 6 weeks to 7 months

A

attention sought from different individuals

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9
Q

are babies social in the first 6 weeks

A

no they are asocial

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10
Q

the attachment when infant shows no sign of distress when mother leaves

A

avoidant attachment

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11
Q

difference between insecure avoidant adolescents type A and C

A

A is avoiding intimacy etc whereas C is more severe such as attention seeking

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12
Q

what is the process between caregiver and infant in which they are able to tune in to each others physical and emotional states

A

attunement

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13
Q

is temperament heritable

A

yes

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14
Q

what is the basic foundation of personality

A

temperament

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15
Q

motor development in babies occurs in what direction

A

cephalocaudal eg ie child masters head control first

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16
Q

what needs to be lost to allow the development of voluntary movement

A

primitive motor reflexes

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17
Q

average baby will be walking by how long

A

12 months and normal range is up to 18 months

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18
Q

what is asymmetric tonic neck reflex

A

if head turns to one side, limbs flex and extend on each side to stabilise baby

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19
Q

what is the moro primitive reflex

A

when babies head suddenly falls back, infant grasps with arms

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20
Q

adolescence is between

A

10-19

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21
Q

youth is between

A

15-24

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22
Q

young people is between

A

10-24

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23
Q

is there child concern if both under 13 having sexual activity

A

yes

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24
Q

when can you weigh kids in vests and pants

A

when over 2

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25
Q

measuring head circumference where

A

where it is widest

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26
Q

what is true central precocious puberty

A

normal pubertal development occurring abnormally early so less than 8 in girls and less than 9 in boys

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27
Q

why are boys taller than girls

A

boys have delayed peak height velocity, boys PHV is greater than girls due to testosterone, boys are taller pre puberty

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28
Q

thyroid karotype bloods is especially important in

A

turners

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29
Q

what is secure attachment

A

distressed when mother leaves

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30
Q

when does human brain development begin

A

3rd week post conception

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31
Q

endoderm produces

A

gut and respiratory system

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32
Q

what levels are higher in the anterior region of the brain

A

Pax6

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33
Q

what levels are high in the posterior region of the brain

A

Emx2

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34
Q

the brain is initially smooth in contour, what word would describe that

A

lissencephalic

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35
Q

what do we develop gyro and sulk

A

accommodate the proliferating neuronal populations

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36
Q

what cells aid the movement of neurones

A

radial glial

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37
Q

what do axons do

A

transmit signals from neurones

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38
Q

what do dendrites do

A

gather info and transmit to neurones

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39
Q

is neuronal cell death a normal part of brain development

A

yes

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40
Q

what cells form myelin sheaths

A

oligodendrocyte progenitor cells

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41
Q

visual deprivation in early post natal life will after the

A

primary visual cortex

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42
Q

when is the brain almost fully grown

A

shortly after birth

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43
Q

estrogen can make girls more prone to

A

stress

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44
Q

androgen supposed to make boys more resilient to

A

stress

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45
Q

defects in neural tube closure

A

anencephaly and spina bifida

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46
Q

failure of brain vesicles to form

A

holoprosencephaly

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47
Q

what gene encodes a myelin protein present in the CNS

A

PLP1

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48
Q

disorder of PLP1 gene

A

Pelizaeus merzbacher

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49
Q

what is a regression disorder

A

retts syndrome

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50
Q

what are these: Griffiths, bayleys, schedules of growing skills, ADOS

A

developmental assessment

51
Q

developmental assessment for autism

A

ADOS

52
Q

if the rate kids learn skills varies but does the sequence of skills stay the same

A

yes

53
Q

these are: moro, sucking and rooting, palmar and plantar grasp, asymmetric tonic neck reflex

A

primitive motor reflexes

54
Q

how do measure height when over 2

A

rigid rule with T piece or stadiometer

55
Q

when is a child on the X centime if the point is exactly on the centime line or within—of a space of the centile line

A

1/4

56
Q

onset of puberty in male is indicated by

A

increase in test volume

57
Q

onset of female puberty is by

A

development of breast buds

58
Q

is true central precocious puberty more common in girls or boys

A

girls

59
Q

what is pubertal delay

A

absence of secondary sexual development in a girl age 13 or boy age 14

60
Q

is pubertal delay more common in boys or girls

A

boys

61
Q

what is classed as short stature

A

less than 2nd centime or greater than 2 standard deviations below mid parental height

62
Q

what does breast feeding reduced incidence of

A

otitis medial, dental caries and malocclusion

63
Q

does breast feeding affect mental health of abby and mother

A

yes

64
Q

does breastmilk help with IQ

A

yes

65
Q

does breast milk reduced incidence of obesity in both childhood and adulthood

A

yes

66
Q

does breastmilk improve response to immunisations

A

yes

67
Q

does breast milk reduces incidence of UC and crohns

A

yes

68
Q

what can breastfeeding do fro mum

A

– Reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancer
- Reduced risk of CVD
- Reduced risk of osteoporosis
- Reduced risk of obesity and T2DM
- Delays return to fertility resulting in better birth spacing
- Supports the mother-baby relationship and the mental health of both

69
Q

ways you can reduce transmission of HIV from mother to infant

A

anti retroviral treatment for mother and infant,
birth by Caesarean section and avoiding breast feeding

70
Q

should women with HIV breastfeed

A

no

71
Q

what does WHO recommend a woman living with HIV in a deprived area of the world should do

A

recommends they can breastfeed if they are taking HIV drugs

72
Q

does breast size affect the amount of milk produced

A

no

73
Q

what tissue in the breast proliferates and begins producing colostrum

A

glandular tissue

74
Q

what inhibits milk production

A

progesterone

75
Q

when are levels of prolactin highest

A

at night

76
Q

what is responsible for milk delivery

A

oxytocin

77
Q

when hormone levels are higher when mother and baby are in contact

A

oxytocin

78
Q

signs of good attachment of baby

A

baby having good mouthfuls of breast and babies chin indenting the breast

79
Q

is it possible to overfeed a breast fed baby

A

no

80
Q

how often should baby be fed in the first few weeks

A

at least 8-12 times a day

81
Q

do babies need a lot of milk in the first 72hours

A

no

82
Q

what does breastmilk have that formula doesn’t

A

immunoglobulin, anti-inflammatories and enzymes

83
Q

what is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands immediately following birth

A

colostrum

84
Q

colostrum has high levels of what

A

lactoferrin

85
Q

does colostrum have a laxative affect

A

yes

86
Q

is the composition of breast milk always the same

A

no it is constantly changing

87
Q

is breast milk at the beginning or end of the feed higher in fat

A

end of the feed

88
Q

who should decide when baby should come off breast

A

baby

89
Q

what can encourage breast milk flow prior to expressing

A

stroking or massaging the breast

90
Q

how long can you keep breastmilk in the fridge

A

5 days

91
Q

what should not be used to warm or defrost breast milk

A

microwave

92
Q

what is recommended if baby cannot feed from breast in early days

A

cup or spoon feeding but not bottle

93
Q

what regulates temp, heart rate, and breathing rate in baby

A

skin to skin

94
Q

what can develop from using creams and lotions on painful nipples

A

dermatitis

95
Q

what is engorgement

A

painful swelling of the breasts

96
Q

what is mastitis

A

red inflamed breast

97
Q

should mothers with engorgement or mastitis stop breastfeeding

A

no

98
Q

what relieves symptoms of mastitis

A

expressing milk between feeds

99
Q

how many wet nappies and dirty nappies do you want in the first 24hrs

A

6+wet and 3+dirty

100
Q

making clicking sound as they feed and have difficult attaching to the breast

A

tongue tie

101
Q

breastfeeding and medications

A

breast feed before taking meds - so best to take meds before babies longest sleep period

102
Q

what should all pregnant and breastfeeding woman take

A

vitamin D supplement

103
Q

what should breastfeed babies be given from birth to 1 year of age

A

daily vitamin D supplement

104
Q

do formula fed babies need vitamin D supplement

A

no unless they are below the required need

105
Q

is infant formula sterile

A

no

106
Q

formula fed babies have increased risk of

A

cardiovascular disease in the future

107
Q

what kind of water should you use for formula fed babies

A

tap as bottled can contain sodium and sulphate levels which are too high for babies

108
Q

do you need to cool milk under running cold tap in formal fed babies

A

ys

109
Q

where should you drop the milk to test for temperature

A

wrist

110
Q

can you store prepared infant formula

A

advised not to but can

111
Q

how to warm up refrigerated milk

A

placed in a jug of hot water for a few minutes

112
Q

early cues baby is hungry

A

moving head and mouth around and sucking on fingers

113
Q

what is the last sign that a baby is hungry

A

crying

114
Q

what is splaying fingers a sign of

A

baby needs break from feeding

115
Q

when can you start including foods into formula fed babies

A

6 months

116
Q

is there any benefits to switching to follow on formula

A

no

117
Q

if baby has lactose intolerance you need to give

A

lactose free infant formula

118
Q

what can happen after gastroenteritis

A

secondary lactose intolerance that is temporary

119
Q

babies on lactose free link need extra care when

A

brushing teeth

120
Q

toddlers from 1 year should be obtaining the majority of their nutrients from

A

food

121
Q

human milk fortifier are used in

A

very low birthweight babies

122
Q

formula fed babies can be offered what in hot weather

A

cooled boiled water

123
Q

what is enteral feeding

A

via tube

124
Q

parental feeding is

A

nurtivition into bloodstream via IV

YEAR 2 Notion (5 decks)

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