Physiology and Flashcards
difference in kids resp system
kids have high anterior larynx and floppy epiglottis
difference in kids cardio system
small blood volume so minor blood losses can have major clinical implications
what is prominent in the head of a kid
occiput
what predisposes kids to hypothermia
large surface area
what are less well protected in kids
underlying structures under the ribs and sternum as their is lack of complete ossification of the ribs/sternum
what is the most important predictor of personality of kids
childs early relationship with primary caregiver
when do babies form strong attachment to one individual and get separation and stranger anxiety
7-11 months
what stage is between 6 weeks to 7 months
attention sought from different individuals
are babies social in the first 6 weeks
no they are asocial
the attachment when infant shows no sign of distress when mother leaves
avoidant attachment
difference between insecure avoidant adolescents type A and C
A is avoiding intimacy etc whereas C is more severe such as attention seeking
what is the process between caregiver and infant in which they are able to tune in to each others physical and emotional states
attunement
is temperament heritable
yes
what is the basic foundation of personality
temperament
motor development in babies occurs in what direction
cephalocaudal eg ie child masters head control first
what needs to be lost to allow the development of voluntary movement
primitive motor reflexes
average baby will be walking by how long
12 months and normal range is up to 18 months
what is asymmetric tonic neck reflex
if head turns to one side, limbs flex and extend on each side to stabilise baby
what is the moro primitive reflex
when babies head suddenly falls back, infant grasps with arms
adolescence is between
10-19
youth is between
15-24
young people is between
10-24
is there child concern if both under 13 having sexual activity
yes
when can you weigh kids in vests and pants
when over 2
measuring head circumference where
where it is widest
what is true central precocious puberty
normal pubertal development occurring abnormally early so less than 8 in girls and less than 9 in boys
why are boys taller than girls
boys have delayed peak height velocity, boys PHV is greater than girls due to testosterone, boys are taller pre puberty
thyroid karotype bloods is especially important in
turners
what is secure attachment
distressed when mother leaves
when does human brain development begin
3rd week post conception
endoderm produces
gut and respiratory system
what levels are higher in the anterior region of the brain
Pax6
what levels are high in the posterior region of the brain
Emx2
the brain is initially smooth in contour, what word would describe that
lissencephalic
what do we develop gyro and sulk
accommodate the proliferating neuronal populations
what cells aid the movement of neurones
radial glial
what do axons do
transmit signals from neurones
what do dendrites do
gather info and transmit to neurones
is neuronal cell death a normal part of brain development
yes
what cells form myelin sheaths
oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
visual deprivation in early post natal life will after the
primary visual cortex
when is the brain almost fully grown
shortly after birth
estrogen can make girls more prone to
stress
androgen supposed to make boys more resilient to
stress
defects in neural tube closure
anencephaly and spina bifida
failure of brain vesicles to form
holoprosencephaly
what gene encodes a myelin protein present in the CNS
PLP1
disorder of PLP1 gene
Pelizaeus merzbacher
what is a regression disorder
retts syndrome
what are these: Griffiths, bayleys, schedules of growing skills, ADOS
developmental assessment
developmental assessment for autism
ADOS
if the rate kids learn skills varies but does the sequence of skills stay the same
yes
these are: moro, sucking and rooting, palmar and plantar grasp, asymmetric tonic neck reflex
primitive motor reflexes
how do measure height when over 2
rigid rule with T piece or stadiometer
when is a child on the X centime if the point is exactly on the centime line or within—of a space of the centile line
1/4
onset of puberty in male is indicated by
increase in test volume
onset of female puberty is by
development of breast buds
is true central precocious puberty more common in girls or boys
girls
what is pubertal delay
absence of secondary sexual development in a girl age 13 or boy age 14
is pubertal delay more common in boys or girls
boys
what is classed as short stature
less than 2nd centime or greater than 2 standard deviations below mid parental height
what does breast feeding reduced incidence of
otitis medial, dental caries and malocclusion
does breast feeding affect mental health of abby and mother
yes
does breastmilk help with IQ
yes
does breast milk reduced incidence of obesity in both childhood and adulthood
yes
does breastmilk improve response to immunisations
yes
does breast milk reduces incidence of UC and crohns
yes
what can breastfeeding do fro mum
– Reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancer
- Reduced risk of CVD
- Reduced risk of osteoporosis
- Reduced risk of obesity and T2DM
- Delays return to fertility resulting in better birth spacing
- Supports the mother-baby relationship and the mental health of both
ways you can reduce transmission of HIV from mother to infant
anti retroviral treatment for mother and infant,
birth by Caesarean section and avoiding breast feeding
should women with HIV breastfeed
no
what does WHO recommend a woman living with HIV in a deprived area of the world should do
recommends they can breastfeed if they are taking HIV drugs
does breast size affect the amount of milk produced
no
what tissue in the breast proliferates and begins producing colostrum
glandular tissue
what inhibits milk production
progesterone
when are levels of prolactin highest
at night
what is responsible for milk delivery
oxytocin
when hormone levels are higher when mother and baby are in contact
oxytocin
signs of good attachment of baby
baby having good mouthfuls of breast and babies chin indenting the breast
is it possible to overfeed a breast fed baby
no
how often should baby be fed in the first few weeks
at least 8-12 times a day
do babies need a lot of milk in the first 72hours
no
what does breastmilk have that formula doesn’t
immunoglobulin, anti-inflammatories and enzymes
what is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands immediately following birth
colostrum
colostrum has high levels of what
lactoferrin
does colostrum have a laxative affect
yes
is the composition of breast milk always the same
no it is constantly changing
is breast milk at the beginning or end of the feed higher in fat
end of the feed
who should decide when baby should come off breast
baby
what can encourage breast milk flow prior to expressing
stroking or massaging the breast
how long can you keep breastmilk in the fridge
5 days
what should not be used to warm or defrost breast milk
microwave
what is recommended if baby cannot feed from breast in early days
cup or spoon feeding but not bottle
what regulates temp, heart rate, and breathing rate in baby
skin to skin
what can develop from using creams and lotions on painful nipples
dermatitis
what is engorgement
painful swelling of the breasts
what is mastitis
red inflamed breast
should mothers with engorgement or mastitis stop breastfeeding
no
what relieves symptoms of mastitis
expressing milk between feeds
how many wet nappies and dirty nappies do you want in the first 24hrs
6+wet and 3+dirty
making clicking sound as they feed and have difficult attaching to the breast
tongue tie
breastfeeding and medications
breast feed before taking meds - so best to take meds before babies longest sleep period
what should all pregnant and breastfeeding woman take
vitamin D supplement
what should breastfeed babies be given from birth to 1 year of age
daily vitamin D supplement
do formula fed babies need vitamin D supplement
no unless they are below the required need
is infant formula sterile
no
formula fed babies have increased risk of
cardiovascular disease in the future
what kind of water should you use for formula fed babies
tap as bottled can contain sodium and sulphate levels which are too high for babies
do you need to cool milk under running cold tap in formal fed babies
ys
where should you drop the milk to test for temperature
wrist
can you store prepared infant formula
advised not to but can
how to warm up refrigerated milk
placed in a jug of hot water for a few minutes
early cues baby is hungry
moving head and mouth around and sucking on fingers
what is the last sign that a baby is hungry
crying
what is splaying fingers a sign of
baby needs break from feeding
when can you start including foods into formula fed babies
6 months
is there any benefits to switching to follow on formula
no
if baby has lactose intolerance you need to give
lactose free infant formula
what can happen after gastroenteritis
secondary lactose intolerance that is temporary
babies on lactose free link need extra care when
brushing teeth
toddlers from 1 year should be obtaining the majority of their nutrients from
food
human milk fortifier are used in
very low birthweight babies
formula fed babies can be offered what in hot weather
cooled boiled water
what is enteral feeding
via tube
parental feeding is
nurtivition into bloodstream via IV
