other stuff Flashcards
what is estimated average requirement
used for average energy requirement of the population
what is the amount of nutrient that will be suffienct for 97.5% of the population
reference nutrient intake
what is low reference nutrient intake
amount of nutrient sufficient for the 2.5% of the population with the lowest needs
what is wasting
low weight for height
what is stunting
low height for weight
what is underweight
low weight for age
what mineral is needed for all these things: teeth and bone mineralisation, nerve impulse transmission, wound healing, cellular metabolism and muscle contraction
calcium
exclusive breast feeding is recommend for how long of babies life
first 6 months
when can you start giving babies cows milk
12 months
what is recommended as first foods for babies
veg, fruit and baby rice mixed with milk
when can you start giving whole nuts and seeds
5 years
if on breast milk for too long what nutrients may they lack
iron and zinc
are formula fed babies predisposed to childhood obesity
yes
is deprivation linked to increased dental caries
yes
over what percentile in kids is overweight
91st
over what percentile in kids in clinical obesity
98th
bmi can be used from age
2
for kids under 2 and cannot do vmi what chart do you use
bmi conversion chart
maternal employment greater than 21 hrs per week increases your risk of
being overweight
genetic causes of severe obesity
prader will and target biedl syndrome
kids 5-28 years physical activity guidelines
at least 60 mins a day
what inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase to reduced absorption of dietary fat
orlistat
when can orlistat be prescribed to kids
adolescents with very severe obesity or severe obesity with comorbidities
a nonsens mutation is a
premature stop codon
mutated codon codes for a different amino acid
missense
what is a silent mutation
mutated codon codes for the same amino acid
frameshift mutations can be
addition or deletion
in autosomal dominant how many copies off. disease allele are needed for individual to be susceptible to expressing the phenotype
1
are males or females more severely affected by x linked dominant
males
what only detects chromosome imbalance
array- cgh
what Allows you to look for sub-microscopic deletions or duplications of chromosome material across the whole human genome
array cgh
what is used for sex determination and trisomy testing
non invasive pre natal testing
is acgh invasive
yes
invasive testing sample is taken from
placenta or amniotic fluid
non invasive testing sample is taken from
free fetal DNA in maternal circulation
for invasive testing what testing can be done before 15 weeks
placenta (chorionic villus sampling)
what to do if parent has balanced chromosomal arrangement
invasive testing
when can you surgically terminate pregnancy
before 13 weeks
if the baby has a serious risk of abnormality in the child oro to the mother what can they do
abort it at any time
when can NGS be used
if an infant presents with a phenotype indicative of a genetic disorder
what is used as a first test for acutely unwell children with a likely monogenic disorder
NGS
use acth for — and use nags for —
chromosomal imbalance , smaller mutations
is an adult assumed competent
yes
-all people aged —-+ are presumed by law to have the capacity to consent according to the Age of Legal Capacity Act
16
if under 16 and seems to capable of understanding can you take consent from them
yes
when can you treat people without their consent
if treatment is necessary to save life or to prevent serious deterioration
what is a useful toolkit to differentiate between normal and sexual abuse concerns
brook traffic light tool
what is the first stage in child protection assessment following a referral
inter- agency referral discussion
all preg mothers should have had what vaccine
tetanus
do steroids help for preterm labour
yes they help reduce neonatal mortality
what are passive immunity
artificial human IgG and natural transplacental transfer
what is active immunity
protection that is produced by an individuals own immune system via B and T cells
is active immunity short or long lasting
usually long lasting
how is passive immunity passed
mother to unborn baby via placenta
how long does passive immunity last for
up to 1 year
what is artificial passive immunity
from another person or animal
live attenuated vaccines
polio, MMR, rotavirus
examples of inactivated vaccines
pertussis and typhoid, diphtheria
when should you not give live vaccines
pregnancy and if immunosuppressed eg under radiotehrapy or on high dose of steroids or other drugs or got HIV, egg allergy, latex allergy acute or evolving illness
the proportion of people needed to be vaccinated for herd immunity is based on
transmissibility and infectiousness of organism and social mixing in population
phase 2 of vaccine development involves
side effects, dosage, compares with other vaccines
when do kids get the mmr vaccine
12 months
what vaccines for children in at risk groups should get
flu, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, BCG and Hep B
who should get the flu vaccine
65+, at risk groups, pregnant woman
pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine should be given in adult from what age
65
should you wait for lab results before reporting notifiable disease
no
