Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

kidney function

A

filter and excrete waste products from the blood

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2
Q

where does the right kidney lie

A

L1-L3

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3
Q

where does the left kidney lie

A

T12-L2

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4
Q

kidneys lie anterior to

A

quadrates lumborum

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5
Q

kidneys lie later to

A

posts major

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6
Q

what ribs are near the kidney

A

11 and 12

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7
Q

the kidneys move in what direction on inspiration

A

inferiorly

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8
Q

fat all the way round kidney

A

perirenal

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9
Q

each renal papilla is associated with

A

a minor calyx

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10
Q

the renal artery is more …. than the vein

A

posterior

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11
Q

what does the distal convoluted tubule control

A

acid base and water balance

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12
Q

where does aldosterone cause na to be reabsorbed

A

distal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

urinary tract lined by

A

transitional epithelium

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14
Q

junction between kidney and ureter

A

pelviureteric

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15
Q

what is the opening of the bladder called

A

ureteric orifice

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16
Q

what always causes bilateral kidneys problems

A

obstruction of the urethra

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17
Q

lymph from kidneys drains to

A

lumbar nodes

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18
Q

lymph from ureters drains to

A

lumbar and iliac does

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19
Q

sympathetic innervation of kidneys

A

T10-L2

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20
Q

parasympathetic innervation to kidneys is via

A

vagus

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21
Q

when do the ureters turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder

A

ischial spine

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22
Q

in males the utter lies inferiorly to what

A

vas deferens

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23
Q

what tube goes into uterus and what goes out

A

in - uterine tube
out- round ligament of the uterus

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24
Q

pouch in males

A

rectovesivle

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25
Q

ureter artery and venous drainage

A

internal iliac artery and vein

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26
Q

urethra near the end transitions to what epithelium

A

stratified squamous

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27
Q

innervation of urethra

A

S2-4

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28
Q

in the scrotum the testes sit within a sac called

A

tunica vaginalsi

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29
Q

spermatic hord cosnists fo

A

testicualr artery, vein, vas deferens

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30
Q

blood supply to testes

A

testicualr arteries

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31
Q

right testicualr vein drains into

A

Ivc

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32
Q

left testicular vein drains into

A

left renal vein

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33
Q

arteries from the penis arise from

A

internal pudendal artery

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34
Q

blood supply to the scrotum

A

internal pudendal and branches from the external iliac

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35
Q

where does lymph from most of the penis and scrotum drain to

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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36
Q

lymph from test drains to

A

lumbar nodes

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37
Q

inferior aspect of what in males is in contact with elevator ani muscle

A

prostate

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38
Q

parasympathetic nerve fibres for kidneys are ureters are within what and what for bladder

A

kidneys and ureters - vagus
bladder- pelvic splanchnic nerves

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39
Q

optic canal contains

A

optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

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40
Q

what is the bigger hole within the eye

A

superior orbital fissure

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41
Q

orbicularis oris is supplied by what

A

facial nerve

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42
Q

what muscle closes the eyelids

A

orbicualris oris

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43
Q

what is deep to orbicualris oris

A

tarsal plates

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44
Q

meibomian gland lies within the

A

tarsal plates

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45
Q

what does the meibomian gland secrete

A

oily substance that slows evaporation of tears

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46
Q

what does the orbital septum prevent

A

spread of infection

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47
Q

what elevates the upper eyelid

A

lavatory palpebral superioris

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48
Q

lacrimal gland produces lacrimal fluid as a result of what innervation

A

PARASYMPATHETIC - facial

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49
Q

fluid drains into

A

lacrimal puncta

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50
Q

where do all the rectus muscles originate

A

common tendinous ring

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51
Q

where do all the rectus muscles insert

A

onto sclera

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52
Q

superior oblique originales forme where

A

sphenoid bone

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53
Q

inferior oblique origiantes from where

A

orbital plate of maxilla

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54
Q

levator palpebrae superioris contaisn smooth muscle fibres known as

A

mueller muscle

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55
Q

what is mueller muscle innovated by

A

sympathetic - via the LPS which ice innervated by oculomotor

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56
Q

what muscle do not have a sencoday movement

A

medial and lateral rectus

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57
Q

superior and inferior oblique also look

A

medially

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58
Q

superior and inferior rectus also look

A

laterally

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59
Q

what forms the deepest part of the eyelid

A

conjunctiva

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60
Q

what adjusts in size in response to light

A

iris

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61
Q

what adapts the shape of the lens and produces aqueous humour

A

ciliary body

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62
Q

what is the light detecting component of the eye

A

retina

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63
Q

where are there no photorecpros forming the optic disc

A

hence blind spot

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64
Q

optic disc is formed by ganglion cells that form the

A

optic nerve

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65
Q

where is the greater density of cones

A

macula

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66
Q

what is responsible for high acuity vision

A

fovea

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67
Q

where contains location for floaters

A

posterior chamber

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68
Q

where is aqueous reabsorbed

A

scleral venous sinus ( canal of schlemn)

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69
Q

where doe the eyeball receive most of blood supply

A

ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid

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70
Q

what is an end artery that supplies the internal surface of the retina

A

central artery of the retina

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71
Q

what sinus are near the pituitary gland

A

cavernous

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72
Q

venous drainage fo eyeball;s

A

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

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73
Q

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain from the eyeball into the

A

cavernous sinus

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74
Q

what is the only vein that drains the retina

A

central vein of the retina

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75
Q

sympathetic chain exits spinal chord at

A

T1- L2

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76
Q

what carries parasympathetic to handgut, pelvis and perineum

A

sacral spinal nerves

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77
Q

parasympathetic innervation of eye is via

A

oculomotor nerve

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78
Q

levator palpeerde superior supplied by what nerve

A

oculomotor

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79
Q

what constricts the pupil

A

sphincter pupillae

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80
Q

pupillary light reflex afferent is via

A

optic and efferent is via oculomotor

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81
Q

in near vision what contracts and what relaxes

A

ciliary muscle contracts and ligaments relaxes

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82
Q

lens becomes what shape in near vision

A

spherical

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83
Q

afferent and efferent for tears

A

afferent - v1
efferent - facial

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84
Q

stabilises gaze on an object during head movement

A

vestibulo - ocular reflex

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85
Q

reflex bradycardia in response to tension of extraoocular muscles

A

oculocardiac reflex

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86
Q

what is the protective covering of the brain and spinal chord

A

meninges

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87
Q

dura matter is supplied by

A

trigemnianl

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88
Q

what encloses dural venous sinuses

A

dura mater

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89
Q

what contains circulating CSF and blood vessels

A

subarachnoid space

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90
Q

where can you access subarachnoid space for lumbar puncture

A

L3/4 or L4/5

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91
Q

subarachnoid space ends at what level

A

S2

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92
Q

what adheres to brain

A

pia

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93
Q

what connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle

A

intraventricualr foramina

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94
Q

what does the pituitary gland secrete

A

hormones

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95
Q

thalamus and hypothalamus forms central core of

A

cerebrum

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96
Q

under thalamus/ hypothalamus

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
(All of which comprise the brainstem)

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97
Q

what suspends the pituitary

A

infundibulum

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98
Q

sella turcia is within what bone

A

sphenoid

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99
Q

what is anterior and inferior to pituitary gland

A

spenoid sinus

100
Q

what is lateral to pituitary

A

cavernous sinus

101
Q

what is a fold of dura mater that covers the pituitary gland and is superior to it

A

diaphragm sellae

102
Q

what artery is posterior to pituitary gland

A

basilar

103
Q

anterior pituitary is formed from upgrowth of

A

rathkes pouch

104
Q

acidophils are

A

growth hormone and prolactin

105
Q

what does the posterior lobe release

A

ADH and oxytocin

106
Q

what transports hypothalamic hormones to anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal veins

107
Q

what drains most blood from the cranial l cavity

A

dural venous sinuses

108
Q

dural venouses drain into

A

internal jugular vein

109
Q

what sinus can be found on either side fo the sella turcica and drain ophthalmic veins

A

cavernous sinus

110
Q

entire cranial cavity is lined by what

A

dura mater

111
Q

what is the dura mater over posterior cranial fossa

A

tentorium cerebelli

112
Q

the vertebrael arteries form the

A

basilar artery

113
Q

optic chiasm if formed by what

A

right and left optic nerves

114
Q

inferior and anterior to pituitary gland is ,,, and lateral to pituitary gland is

A

sphenoid .. cavernous sinus

115
Q

surgery to access pituitary fossa

A

transphenoidal

116
Q

difficulty eating is what nerves

A

trigeminal

117
Q

what does the cavernous sinus do

A

drains venous blood

118
Q

defect in cavernous sinus

A

venous haemorrhage

119
Q

what supplies arterial blade to brain and orbit

A

internal carotid

120
Q

defect in dura mater

A

cerebrospinal fluid leak

121
Q

what muscle does spinal accessory nerve supply

A

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

122
Q

vein just under jaw

A

anterior jugular vein

123
Q

what fascia encloses trapezius and sternocleidomastoiuc

A

investing

124
Q

what fascia enlsoses thyroid glad , trachea , oesophagus

A

pretracheal

125
Q

what fascia surrounds common carotid, IJV

A

carotid sheath

126
Q

platysma is supplied by what nerve

A

facial

127
Q

medial to lateral

A

common carotid, vagus, IJV

128
Q

deep cervical lymph nodes are where

A

IJV

129
Q

all strap muscles except thyrohyoid are innervated by

A

ansa cervicalis

130
Q

thyrohyoid unnerved by C1

A
131
Q

thyroid gland is between what levels

A

C5- T1

132
Q

what is on posterior surface of thyroid glands

A

4 parathyroid glands

133
Q

what is posterior to thyroid gland

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

134
Q

superior thyroid artery arises form

A

external carotid

135
Q

inferior thyroid artery arises form

A

subclavian artery

136
Q

how many thyroid veins

A

3 - superior, middle and inferior

137
Q

superior and middle thyroid vein drain into

A

INTERNAL jugular vein

138
Q

inferior thyroid vein drains into the

A

brachiocephalic vein

139
Q

parasympathetic innervation to the thyroid gland

A

vagus

140
Q

lymphatic drainage of the thyroid

A

paratracheal and deep cervical lymph nodes

141
Q

surgery where incision is made just superior to clavicles

A

thyroidectomy

142
Q

right recurrent laryngeal hooks round the

A

right subclavian artery

143
Q

left recurrent laryngeal hooks round the

A

arch of the aorta

144
Q

unilateral injury to recurrent laryngeal causes

A

hoarsensss

145
Q

endocrine pancreas is composed of

A

islets of langerhans

146
Q

what inhibits the exocrine, endocrine and CNS systems

A

somatostatin

147
Q

adrenal medullar secretes

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

148
Q

what cells are in the adrenal medulla that secrete catecholamines

A

neuroendocrine (chromaffin)

149
Q

ovary secretes what

A

oestrogen and progesterone

150
Q

vascular anastomosis o the ovary

A

ovarian artery and uterine artery

151
Q

what aspect of the cranium surrounds the brain

A

visecrocranium

152
Q

what aspect of the cranium makes up the facial skeleton

A

viscerocranium

153
Q

the junction on side of skull

A

pterion

154
Q

3 processes in temporal bone

A

mastoid, styloid and zygomatic

155
Q

contents of the internal acoustic meatus

A

facial nerve, vesitibulocochlear nerve and labyrinthine artery and veins

156
Q

c1 is the

A

atlas

157
Q

c2 is the

A

dens

158
Q

what has a bifid spinous process

A

dens

159
Q

orbicualris oris is supplied by what

A

facial

160
Q

what is innervated by the facial nerve and located between the mandible and maxilla

A

buccinator

161
Q

the head of the mandible is called the

A

mandibular condyle

162
Q

joint between maxilla and mandible

A

temperomandibular joint

163
Q

temporalis and masserter do what

A

close the mouth

164
Q

masseter and temporalis are innervated by what

A

madndibualr nerve

165
Q

medial or lateral pyterygoid that is horizontal

A

lateral

166
Q

what facial muscle of mastication opens the mouth

A

lateral pyterygoid

167
Q

medial and lateral pyterygoid are also innervated by

A

madibualr nerve

168
Q

all the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus are innervated by what

A

hypoglossal nerve

169
Q

palatoglossus is innervated by what

A

vagus

170
Q

what elevates and tense to prevent the passage fo food into the nasal cavity

A

soft palate

171
Q

skeletal muscles of soft palate are innervated by

A

vagus except tensor veli palatini

172
Q

what is the cartilaginous part of the external ear called

A

auricle

173
Q

what is the ear canal called

A

externa acoustic meatus

174
Q

external acoustic meatus end where

A

tympanic membrane

175
Q

what is the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane

A

umbo

176
Q

external ear is supplied by what

A

external carotid artery

177
Q

bones of middle ear

A

malleus, incus and stapes

178
Q

bones of middle ear

A

malleus, incus and stapes

179
Q

malleus has long bit

A

sticking out

180
Q

what does the footplate of stapes attach to

A

oval window

181
Q

main function of malleus, incus and stapes

A

conduct vibrations

182
Q

what joints are between the small bones of the middle ear

A

synovial

183
Q

part of the temporal bone above vertebrae

A

mastoid antrum

184
Q

mastoiditis is when otitis media spreads where

A

mastoid air cells

185
Q

if mastoid process get infected

A

meningitis

186
Q

what can provide surgical access to the tympanic cavity

A

mastoidectomy

187
Q

2 muscles in the middle ear

A

tensor tympani and stapedius

188
Q

sensory tympani attaches to what bone

A

malleus

189
Q

tensor tympani is innervated by what

A

CNV3

190
Q

stapedius is innervated by what

A

facial

191
Q

what muscles open the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure

A

palate muscles

192
Q

what is located posterior to the inferior nasal concha

A

Eustachian tube

193
Q

function of the Eustachian tube

A

equalise pressure between the middle ear and naspharynx

194
Q

normally is the Eustachian tube open

A

no its closed

195
Q

nasopharynx and oropharynx are innervated by

A

glossopharyngeal

196
Q

laryngopharynx is innervated by

A

vagus

197
Q

behind tongue is what tonsil

A

palatine

198
Q

glossopharyngeal of tympanic cavity is via

A

tympanic plexus

199
Q

tonsillitis and pharyngitis can mimic what via glossopharyngeal

A
200
Q

tonsillitis and pharyngitis can mimic what via glossopharyngeal

A

earache

201
Q

what is involves in the maintenance of balance

A

inner ear

202
Q

in between the semicircular canal and cochlea is the

A

vestibule

203
Q

centre of the snail shell of the chochlea

A

helicotrema

204
Q

where is the utricle and sacule

A

vestibule

205
Q

what are the epithelial cells of hearing and are the functional unit of the inner hair cell

A

organ of corti

206
Q

hair cells do what In the inner ear

A

convert mechanical to neural stimuli

207
Q

hair cells are stimulated by the movement of what

A

endolymph

208
Q

inner ear is supplied by what nerve

A

vestibulocochlear

209
Q

bit above holes of nose

A

ala

210
Q

top 1/3 of the nose is … as the bottom 2/3 is cartilage

A

bone

211
Q

tip of nose is lined by

A

stratified squamous

212
Q

most of nose is lined by

A

psuedostratified columnar epithelium

213
Q

apex of nasal cavity is

A

olfactory cells with olfactory receptors

214
Q

superior and middle concha are what bone

A

ethmoid

215
Q

bone immediately posterior to concha

A

palatine then posterior to that is sphenoid

216
Q

what is the bone in the nasal septum

A

vomer

217
Q

inferior meatus drains what

A

nasolacrimal duct

218
Q

what does the middle meatus drain

A

frontal and maxillary sinuses

219
Q

what is locates superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

220
Q

anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery arise from

A

ophthalmic artery

221
Q

anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery arise from

A

ophthalmic artery

222
Q

sphenoplalatine and greater palatine arise from

A

maxillary artery

223
Q

septal branch of superior labial artery arises form where

A

facial artery

224
Q

the only one that comes from the internal carotid artery out of is - ophthalmic, maxillary, facial

A

ophthalmic

225
Q

what lies on the superior surface fo the cribriform plate

A

olfactory bulb

226
Q

top half of nose innervation

A

v1

227
Q

bottom half of nose innervation

A

V2

228
Q

functions of paransal sinuses

A

reduce the weight of the skull

229
Q

what sinuses drain into middle meatus

A

frontal and maxillary

230
Q

what sinus drains into superior meatus

A

sphenoid

231
Q

what is the space between internal surfer of lips and external surface of teeth

A

oral vestibule

232
Q

what is the soft papale composed of

A

muscle fibres

233
Q

foramen in the hard palate

A

incisive
greater and lesser palatine

234
Q

what innervates the soft palate

A

lesser palatine nerve

235
Q

what supplies the hard palate

A

greater palatine and nasopalatine

236
Q

skeletal muscles of the soft palate are all supplied by

A

vagus except tensor veli palatini which is supplied by V3

237
Q

anterior 2/3 of tongue is

A

facial via chorda tympani

238
Q

posterior 1/3 of tongue is supplied by

A

glossopharyngeal

239
Q

papillae at the tip of tongue

A

filiform

240
Q

saliva is produced by what glands

A

seromucous

241
Q

what antibody is in salvia

A

IgA

242
Q

parotid gland secretes into mouth by

A

upper 2nd molar

243
Q

submandibular secretes via

A

lingual caruncle

244
Q

parotid innervation is via

A

glossopharyngeal

245
Q

submandibular and sublingual glands are innervated by

A

facial and V3

246
Q

what acinus secretes digestive enzymes

A

serous