Anatomy Flashcards
kidney function
filter and excrete waste products from the blood
where does the right kidney lie
L1-L3
where does the left kidney lie
T12-L2
kidneys lie anterior to
quadrates lumborum
kidneys lie later to
posts major
what ribs are near the kidney
11 and 12
the kidneys move in what direction on inspiration
inferiorly
fat all the way round kidney
perirenal
each renal papilla is associated with
a minor calyx
the renal artery is more …. than the vein
posterior
what does the distal convoluted tubule control
acid base and water balance
where does aldosterone cause na to be reabsorbed
distal convoluted tubule
urinary tract lined by
transitional epithelium
junction between kidney and ureter
pelviureteric
what is the opening of the bladder called
ureteric orifice
what always causes bilateral kidneys problems
obstruction of the urethra
lymph from kidneys drains to
lumbar nodes
lymph from ureters drains to
lumbar and iliac does
sympathetic innervation of kidneys
T10-L2
parasympathetic innervation to kidneys is via
vagus
when do the ureters turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
ischial spine
in males the utter lies inferiorly to what
vas deferens
what tube goes into uterus and what goes out
in - uterine tube
out- round ligament of the uterus
pouch in males
rectovesivle
ureter artery and venous drainage
internal iliac artery and vein
urethra near the end transitions to what epithelium
stratified squamous
innervation of urethra
S2-4
in the scrotum the testes sit within a sac called
tunica vaginalsi
spermatic hord cosnists fo
testicualr artery, vein, vas deferens
blood supply to testes
testicualr arteries
right testicualr vein drains into
Ivc
left testicular vein drains into
left renal vein
arteries from the penis arise from
internal pudendal artery
blood supply to the scrotum
internal pudendal and branches from the external iliac
where does lymph from most of the penis and scrotum drain to
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
lymph from test drains to
lumbar nodes
inferior aspect of what in males is in contact with elevator ani muscle
prostate
parasympathetic nerve fibres for kidneys are ureters are within what and what for bladder
kidneys and ureters - vagus
bladder- pelvic splanchnic nerves
optic canal contains
optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
what is the bigger hole within the eye
superior orbital fissure
orbicularis oris is supplied by what
facial nerve
what muscle closes the eyelids
orbicualris oris
what is deep to orbicualris oris
tarsal plates
meibomian gland lies within the
tarsal plates
what does the meibomian gland secrete
oily substance that slows evaporation of tears
what does the orbital septum prevent
spread of infection
what elevates the upper eyelid
lavatory palpebral superioris
lacrimal gland produces lacrimal fluid as a result of what innervation
PARASYMPATHETIC - facial
fluid drains into
lacrimal puncta
where do all the rectus muscles originate
common tendinous ring
where do all the rectus muscles insert
onto sclera
superior oblique originales forme where
sphenoid bone
inferior oblique origiantes from where
orbital plate of maxilla
levator palpebrae superioris contaisn smooth muscle fibres known as
mueller muscle
what is mueller muscle innovated by
sympathetic - via the LPS which ice innervated by oculomotor
what muscle do not have a sencoday movement
medial and lateral rectus
superior and inferior oblique also look
medially
superior and inferior rectus also look
laterally
what forms the deepest part of the eyelid
conjunctiva
what adjusts in size in response to light
iris
what adapts the shape of the lens and produces aqueous humour
ciliary body
what is the light detecting component of the eye
retina
where are there no photorecpros forming the optic disc
hence blind spot
optic disc is formed by ganglion cells that form the
optic nerve
where is the greater density of cones
macula
what is responsible for high acuity vision
fovea
where contains location for floaters
posterior chamber
where is aqueous reabsorbed
scleral venous sinus ( canal of schlemn)
where doe the eyeball receive most of blood supply
ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid
what is an end artery that supplies the internal surface of the retina
central artery of the retina
what sinus are near the pituitary gland
cavernous
venous drainage fo eyeball;s
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain from the eyeball into the
cavernous sinus
what is the only vein that drains the retina
central vein of the retina
sympathetic chain exits spinal chord at
T1- L2
what carries parasympathetic to handgut, pelvis and perineum
sacral spinal nerves
parasympathetic innervation of eye is via
oculomotor nerve
levator palpeerde superior supplied by what nerve
oculomotor
what constricts the pupil
sphincter pupillae
pupillary light reflex afferent is via
optic and efferent is via oculomotor
in near vision what contracts and what relaxes
ciliary muscle contracts and ligaments relaxes
lens becomes what shape in near vision
spherical
afferent and efferent for tears
afferent - v1
efferent - facial
stabilises gaze on an object during head movement
vestibulo - ocular reflex
reflex bradycardia in response to tension of extraoocular muscles
oculocardiac reflex
what is the protective covering of the brain and spinal chord
meninges
dura matter is supplied by
trigemnianl
what encloses dural venous sinuses
dura mater
what contains circulating CSF and blood vessels
subarachnoid space
where can you access subarachnoid space for lumbar puncture
L3/4 or L4/5
subarachnoid space ends at what level
S2
what adheres to brain
pia
what connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle
intraventricualr foramina
what does the pituitary gland secrete
hormones
thalamus and hypothalamus forms central core of
cerebrum
under thalamus/ hypothalamus
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
(All of which comprise the brainstem)
what suspends the pituitary
infundibulum
sella turcia is within what bone
sphenoid
what is anterior and inferior to pituitary gland
spenoid sinus
what is lateral to pituitary
cavernous sinus
what is a fold of dura mater that covers the pituitary gland and is superior to it
diaphragm sellae
what artery is posterior to pituitary gland
basilar
anterior pituitary is formed from upgrowth of
rathkes pouch
acidophils are
growth hormone and prolactin
what does the posterior lobe release
ADH and oxytocin
what transports hypothalamic hormones to anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal veins
what drains most blood from the cranial l cavity
dural venous sinuses
dural venouses drain into
internal jugular vein
what sinus can be found on either side fo the sella turcica and drain ophthalmic veins
cavernous sinus
entire cranial cavity is lined by what
dura mater
what is the dura mater over posterior cranial fossa
tentorium cerebelli
the vertebrael arteries form the
basilar artery
optic chiasm if formed by what
right and left optic nerves
inferior and anterior to pituitary gland is ,,, and lateral to pituitary gland is
sphenoid .. cavernous sinus
surgery to access pituitary fossa
transphenoidal
difficulty eating is what nerves
trigeminal
what does the cavernous sinus do
drains venous blood
defect in cavernous sinus
venous haemorrhage
what supplies arterial blade to brain and orbit
internal carotid
defect in dura mater
cerebrospinal fluid leak
what muscle does spinal accessory nerve supply
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
vein just under jaw
anterior jugular vein
what fascia encloses trapezius and sternocleidomastoiuc
investing
what fascia enlsoses thyroid glad , trachea , oesophagus
pretracheal
what fascia surrounds common carotid, IJV
carotid sheath
platysma is supplied by what nerve
facial
medial to lateral
common carotid, vagus, IJV
deep cervical lymph nodes are where
IJV
all strap muscles except thyrohyoid are innervated by
ansa cervicalis
thyrohyoid unnerved by C1
thyroid gland is between what levels
C5- T1
what is on posterior surface of thyroid glands
4 parathyroid glands
what is posterior to thyroid gland
recurrent laryngeal nerve
superior thyroid artery arises form
external carotid
inferior thyroid artery arises form
subclavian artery
how many thyroid veins
3 - superior, middle and inferior
superior and middle thyroid vein drain into
INTERNAL jugular vein
inferior thyroid vein drains into the
brachiocephalic vein
parasympathetic innervation to the thyroid gland
vagus
lymphatic drainage of the thyroid
paratracheal and deep cervical lymph nodes
surgery where incision is made just superior to clavicles
thyroidectomy
right recurrent laryngeal hooks round the
right subclavian artery
left recurrent laryngeal hooks round the
arch of the aorta
unilateral injury to recurrent laryngeal causes
hoarsensss
endocrine pancreas is composed of
islets of langerhans
what inhibits the exocrine, endocrine and CNS systems
somatostatin
adrenal medullar secretes
adrenaline and noradrenaline
what cells are in the adrenal medulla that secrete catecholamines
neuroendocrine (chromaffin)
ovary secretes what
oestrogen and progesterone
vascular anastomosis o the ovary
ovarian artery and uterine artery
what aspect of the cranium surrounds the brain
visecrocranium
what aspect of the cranium makes up the facial skeleton
viscerocranium
the junction on side of skull
pterion
3 processes in temporal bone
mastoid, styloid and zygomatic
contents of the internal acoustic meatus
facial nerve, vesitibulocochlear nerve and labyrinthine artery and veins
c1 is the
atlas
c2 is the
dens
what has a bifid spinous process
dens
orbicualris oris is supplied by what
facial
what is innervated by the facial nerve and located between the mandible and maxilla
buccinator
the head of the mandible is called the
mandibular condyle
joint between maxilla and mandible
temperomandibular joint
temporalis and masserter do what
close the mouth
masseter and temporalis are innervated by what
madndibualr nerve
medial or lateral pyterygoid that is horizontal
lateral
what facial muscle of mastication opens the mouth
lateral pyterygoid
medial and lateral pyterygoid are also innervated by
madibualr nerve
all the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus are innervated by what
hypoglossal nerve
palatoglossus is innervated by what
vagus
what elevates and tense to prevent the passage fo food into the nasal cavity
soft palate
skeletal muscles of soft palate are innervated by
vagus except tensor veli palatini
what is the cartilaginous part of the external ear called
auricle
what is the ear canal called
externa acoustic meatus
external acoustic meatus end where
tympanic membrane
what is the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane
umbo
external ear is supplied by what
external carotid artery
bones of middle ear
malleus, incus and stapes
bones of middle ear
malleus, incus and stapes
malleus has long bit
sticking out
what does the footplate of stapes attach to
oval window
main function of malleus, incus and stapes
conduct vibrations
what joints are between the small bones of the middle ear
synovial
part of the temporal bone above vertebrae
mastoid antrum
mastoiditis is when otitis media spreads where
mastoid air cells
if mastoid process get infected
meningitis
what can provide surgical access to the tympanic cavity
mastoidectomy
2 muscles in the middle ear
tensor tympani and stapedius
sensory tympani attaches to what bone
malleus
tensor tympani is innervated by what
CNV3
stapedius is innervated by what
facial
what muscles open the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure
palate muscles
what is located posterior to the inferior nasal concha
Eustachian tube
function of the Eustachian tube
equalise pressure between the middle ear and naspharynx
normally is the Eustachian tube open
no its closed
nasopharynx and oropharynx are innervated by
glossopharyngeal
laryngopharynx is innervated by
vagus
behind tongue is what tonsil
palatine
glossopharyngeal of tympanic cavity is via
tympanic plexus
tonsillitis and pharyngitis can mimic what via glossopharyngeal
tonsillitis and pharyngitis can mimic what via glossopharyngeal
earache
what is involves in the maintenance of balance
inner ear
in between the semicircular canal and cochlea is the
vestibule
centre of the snail shell of the chochlea
helicotrema
where is the utricle and sacule
vestibule
what are the epithelial cells of hearing and are the functional unit of the inner hair cell
organ of corti
hair cells do what In the inner ear
convert mechanical to neural stimuli
hair cells are stimulated by the movement of what
endolymph
inner ear is supplied by what nerve
vestibulocochlear
bit above holes of nose
ala
top 1/3 of the nose is … as the bottom 2/3 is cartilage
bone
tip of nose is lined by
stratified squamous
most of nose is lined by
psuedostratified columnar epithelium
apex of nasal cavity is
olfactory cells with olfactory receptors
superior and middle concha are what bone
ethmoid
bone immediately posterior to concha
palatine then posterior to that is sphenoid
what is the bone in the nasal septum
vomer
inferior meatus drains what
nasolacrimal duct
what does the middle meatus drain
frontal and maxillary sinuses
what is locates superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha
sphenoethmoidal recess
anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery arise from
ophthalmic artery
anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery arise from
ophthalmic artery
sphenoplalatine and greater palatine arise from
maxillary artery
septal branch of superior labial artery arises form where
facial artery
the only one that comes from the internal carotid artery out of is - ophthalmic, maxillary, facial
ophthalmic
what lies on the superior surface fo the cribriform plate
olfactory bulb
top half of nose innervation
v1
bottom half of nose innervation
V2
functions of paransal sinuses
reduce the weight of the skull
what sinuses drain into middle meatus
frontal and maxillary
what sinus drains into superior meatus
sphenoid
what is the space between internal surfer of lips and external surface of teeth
oral vestibule
what is the soft papale composed of
muscle fibres
foramen in the hard palate
incisive
greater and lesser palatine
what innervates the soft palate
lesser palatine nerve
what supplies the hard palate
greater palatine and nasopalatine
skeletal muscles of the soft palate are all supplied by
vagus except tensor veli palatini which is supplied by V3
anterior 2/3 of tongue is
facial via chorda tympani
posterior 1/3 of tongue is supplied by
glossopharyngeal
papillae at the tip of tongue
filiform
saliva is produced by what glands
seromucous
what antibody is in salvia
IgA
parotid gland secretes into mouth by
upper 2nd molar
submandibular secretes via
lingual caruncle
parotid innervation is via
glossopharyngeal
submandibular and sublingual glands are innervated by
facial and V3
what acinus secretes digestive enzymes
serous
