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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

4 functions of the digestive system

A

Digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Motility

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2
Q

Four layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

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3
Q

3 layers of mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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4
Q

2 types of epithelium and where they are found

A

Stratified squamous - mouth, oesophagus, anal canal

Simple columnar - stomach, small and large intestines

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5
Q

Submucosa

A

Thick irregular connective tissue

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6
Q

Serosa

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding intraperitoneal organs

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7
Q

Adventitia

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding retroperitoneal organs

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8
Q

Two laters of muscularis externa

A

Inner - circular

Outer - longitudinal

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9
Q

What make up the ENS?

A

Submucosal plexus

Myenteric plexus

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10
Q

Parasympathetic control is via which nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

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11
Q

Sympathetic control is via which nerve?

A

Splanchnic nerve

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12
Q

Effect of parasympathetic control

A

Increase secretion and motility

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13
Q

Effect of sympathetic control

A

Decrease secretion and motility

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14
Q

Arterial supply

A

Splenic
Celiac trunk
Superior and inferior mesenteric

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15
Q

Venous drainage

A

Gastric
Splenic
Superior and inferior mesenteric
Hepatic portal vein

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16
Q

Where does all venous drainage of the GI pass before returning to the heart?

A

Liver

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17
Q

3 monosaccharides absorbed by the body

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose

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18
Q

Monosaccharides that make up laltose

A

Glucose and galactose

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19
Q

Monosaccharides that make up sucrose

A

Glucose and fructose

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20
Q

Monosaccharides that make up maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

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21
Q

3 types of polysaccharides

A

Starch, cellulose and glycogen

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22
Q

Bond type in starch

A

Alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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23
Q

Plant glucose storage type

A

Starch and cellulose

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24
Q

Bond type in cellulose

A

Beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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25
Q

How is cellulose broken down in vertebrates

A

Bacteria in colon expresses cellulase that hydrolysis cellulose

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26
Q

Animals glucose storage type

A

Glycogen

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27
Q

Bond type in glycogen

A

Alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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28
Q

2 types of membranes in SI epithelial cells

A

Basolateral membrane - sides and bottom

Apical membrane - surface (brush border)

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29
Q

Transporters involved in glucose and galactose absorption

A

SGLT-1 - sodium glucose coupled transporter
Na/KATPase
GLUT-2

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30
Q

Transporters involved in fructose absorption

A

GLUT-5

GLUT-2

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31
Q

Enzymes that break down proteins and peptides

A

Proteases and peptidases

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32
Q

Endopeptidases

A

Act on interior amino acids of proteins

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33
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Act on terminal amino acids of proteins (amino and carboxy)

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34
Q

Transporters involved in amino acid absorption

A

SAAT1 - sodium amino acid coupled transporter
Na/KATPase
Amino acid carrier

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35
Q

Transporters involved in di/tripeptide absorption

A

PepT1 - hydrogen di/tripeptide coupled transporter
NHE3
Na/KATPase
Unknown di/tripeptide transporter

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36
Q

Fat is found in the form of

A

Triacylglycerol

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37
Q

Triacylglycerol is broken down by

A

Lipase

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38
Q

Triacylglycerol is broken down into

A

Monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids

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39
Q

Function of emulsifying agent

A

Prevents small droplets of fat reforming into large droplets of fat

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40
Q

Emulsification

A

Breaking down large droplets of fat into smaller droplets

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41
Q

Why does emulsification of fat globules occur?

A

To increase surface area for lipase to act on

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42
Q

Chylomicrons contains

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins

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43
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Extracellular fat droplets

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44
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B group
C
Folic acid

45
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

46
Q

How is vitamin B12 absorbed

A

Binding to intrinsic factor

47
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to

A

Pernicious anaemia

48
Q

Iron is transported into duodenal enterocytes via?

49
Q

Ferittin

A

Intracellular iron store

50
Q

Transferrin

A

What free iron binds to in the blood

51
Q

3 salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

52
Q

Components of saliva

A 
Water
Mucin
Alpha-amylase
Electrolytes
Lysosome
53
Q

Parasympathetic nerves control salivary secretion

A

Cranial nerves 7 (facial) & 9 (glossopharyngeal)

54
Q

Effect of parasympathetic control on salivary secretion

A

Profuse watery saliva secretion

55
Q

Effect of sympathetic control on salivary secretion

A

Viscous salivary secretion of small volume

56
Q

3 layers of stomach muscularis external

A

Oblique, circular, longitudinal

57
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete

58
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen

59
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

HCl & intrinsic factor

60
Q

4 controls of gastric epithelial proton pump activity

A

Increase - gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine

Decrease - Prostaglandins

61
Q

3 mechanisms of control of gastric secretion

A

Neurocrine (vagus/local reflexes)
Endocrine (gastrin)
Paracrine (histamine)

62
Q

Enterogastrones

A

Secretin, CCK, GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)

63
Q

Enterogastrones are release in response to

A

Acid, hypertonic solutions, fatty acids or monoglycerides in the duodenum

64
Q

Function of enterogastrones

A

To prevent further acid build up in duodenum

65
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Zymogen - inactive precursor for pepsin

66
Q

Pepsinogen is activated by

A

Low pH (<3)

67
Q

What controls the peristaltic rhythm of the stomach?

A

Pacemaker cells

68
Q

What stimulates bicarbonate production in duodenum?

A

Presence of acid in duodenum

69
Q

What control the secretion of bicarbonate in the duodenum?

A

Secretin

Vagal and ENS reflexes

70
Q

What controls gastric motility?

A

Gastrin

Vagal and ENS reflexes

71
Q

What inhibits gastric motility?

A

Chyme in duodenum

72
Q

Endocrine portion of pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

73
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas

A

Acinar cells

74
Q

Endocrine portion of pancreas secretes to

A

Circulatory system

75
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreases secretes to

76
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas responsible for

77
Q

Acinar cells secrete

A

Digestive enzymes

78
Q

Duct cells secrete

A

Bicarbonate

79
Q

Enterokinase is found at

A

Brush border of duodenal enterocytes

80
Q

Function of enterokinase

A

Convert trypsinogen to trypsin

81
Q

Pancreatic digestive enzymes

A 
Proteases
Nucleases
Elastases
Phospholipases
Lipases
Alpha-amylase
82
Q

Secretion of zymogens from acinar cells stimulated by

83
Q

CCK released is response to

A

Fat/amino acids in duodenum

84
Q

Portal triad of liver consists of

A

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic duct

85
Q

What are the central veins of hexagonal liver lobules?

A

Hepatic veins

86
Q

Components of bile

A

Bile acids, lecithin, cholesterol, bile pigments, toxic metals, bicarbonate

87
Q

Main bile pigment

88
Q

Bile acid is synthesised from

A

Cholesterol

89
Q

Bile acid is conjugated with

A

Taurine and glycine

90
Q

Bile acid in conjugated to from

A

Bile salts

91
Q

Why is bile acid conjugated?

A

To increase solubility

92
Q

Gallbladder wall layers

A

Mucosa, muscularis, serosa (no submucosa)

93
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Store and concentrate bile

94
Q

What controls bile secretion?

95
Q

Function of CCK

A

Control bile secretion & pancreatic enzyme secretion

96
Q

Crypt cells secrete

A

Chlorine & water

97
Q

2 types of motility in SI

A

Segmentation & peristalsis

98
Q

Effect of parasympathetic nerves on segmentation

A

Increases contraction

99
Q

Effect of sympathetic nerves on segmentation

A

Decrease contraction

100
Q

Hormone that initiated peristalsis in SI

101
Q

Teniae coli

A

3 bands that run the length of colon

102
Q

Haustra

A

Pouches of colon formed by contraction of teniae coli

103
Q

Anatomical cause of constipation

A

Distention of rectum

104
Q

Symptoms of constipation

A

Headache
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Abdominal distention

105
Q

Causes of diarrhoea

A 
Food
Stress
Viruses
Toxins
Pathogenic bacteria
Protozoans
106
Q

Examples of enterotoxigenic bacteria

A

E. coli

Vibrio cholerae

107
Q

Enterotoxigenic bacteria results in

A

Increased water in lumen and so profuse water diarrhoea

108
Q

Enterotoxigenic bacteria act by elevating

A

cAMP
cGMP
calcium

GI System (10 decks)

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