Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Name the muscle of mastication? (4)
A
Temporalis, Masseter, Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid
2
Q
Which muscle of mastication aids opening of the mouth?
A
Lateral pterygoid
3
Q
Where does lateral pterygoid originate?
A
Condyle of mandible
4
Q
Where does lateral pterygoid insert?
A
At pterygoid plates
5
Q
What 3 muscles of mastication are involved in closing of mouth?
A
Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid
6
Q
Where does temporalis originate?
A
At coronoid process of mandible
7
Q
Where does temporalis insert?
A
At temporal fossa
8
Q
Where does masseter originate?
A
At angle of mandible
9
Q
Where does masseter insert?
A
At zygomatic arch
10
Q
Where does medial pterygoid originate?
A
From angle of mandible
11
Q
Where does medial pterygoid insert?
A
To pterygoid plate
12
Q
What cranial nerve supplies these muscles?
A
CN V3
The mandibular nerve (third division of fifth cranial nerve)
13
Q
Where does movement occur?
A
Temperomandibular joint (TMJ)
14
Q
What is TMJ made from?
A
Mandibular fossa on temporal bone Head of condylar process Articular tubercle
15
Q
A
Temporalis
16
Q
A
Masseter
17
Q
A
Lateral pterygoid
18
Q
A
Medial pterygoid
19
Q
What cranial nerve supplies the superior 1/2 of the oral cavity?
A
CN V2
The maxillary nerve
20
Q
Which cranial nerve supplies the inferior 1/2 of the oral cavity?
A
CN V3
The mandibular nerve
21
Q
Which cranial nerve supplies the orbicularis oris?
A
CN VII
The facial nerve
22
Q
Which cranial nerve supplies gag reflex?
(Motor and sensory)
A
Motor supply - CN IX & CN X
The glossopharyngeal nerve & Vagus nerve
Sensory supply - CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
23
Q
3 major salivary glands?
A
Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual
24
Q
Parotid salivary gland secretes into mouth by?
A
Upper 2nd molar
25
Cranial nerve supply for parotid gland?
CN IX supply
| (Glossopharyngeal)
26
Where does submandibular gland enter mouth and secrete via?
Enters floor of mouth & secretes via lingual caruncle
27
Cranial nerve supply for submandibular gland?
CN VII
Facial nerve
28
Where is sublingual gland situated and where does it secrete via?
Lays in floor of mouth & secretes via several ducts superiorly
29
Cranial nerve supply for siblingual gland?
CN VII
Facial nerve
30
CNV?
Trigeminal nerve (5th cranical nerve)
31
What is CN V responsible for?
Sensation in face & motor functions e.g. chewing, biting
32
CN V1?
Opthalmic nerve
33
CN V2
Maxillary nerve
34
CN V3
Mandibular nerve
35
Do CN V1 and CN V2 have sensory or motor functions?
Purely sensory
36
Does CN V3 have sensory or motor functions?
Motor & sensory
37
Parotid gland
38
Submandibular gland
39
Describe the posterior 1/3 of tongue?
| (3)
In oropharynx
Verticle portion
CN IX supply for taste & general sensation
40
Describe the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
In oral cavity
Horizontal portion
CN VII supplies taste
CN V3 supplies general sensory
41
Name the 4 papillae of the tongue
Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform
Filiform
42
Posterior 1/3
43
Follate
44
Vallate
45
Fungiform
46
Filiform
47
Anterior 2/3
48
What do mouth & oropharynx do?
Chop up, lubricate and deliver food to oesophagus
49
What is pharynx made up of?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
50
What does pharynx contain?
What are these made up of?
Tonsils
Lymphoid like tissue
51
Types of tonsils? (3)
Palatine
Pharyngeal
Lingual
52
What type of muscles are the outer layer of pharynx & what is their function?
Constrictor muscles
Constrict sequentially to move food down to oesophagus
53
Name the constrictor muscles of the pharynx
Superior constrictor muscle
Middle constrictor muscle
Inferior constrictor muscle
54
What nerves supply the outer layer/ constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
CNX vagus nerve
55
Vagus nerve?
10th cranial nerve
Supplies motor nerve fibres to swallowing muscles and parasympathetic fibres to heart & organs of chest and abdomen
Sensory branches carry impulses from viscera and taste sensation from mouth
56
What muscle type are the inner layer of pharyngeal muscles?
Longitudinal muscles
57
Funcition of inner layer/ longitudinal muscles of pharynx?
Elevate larynx
Close laryngeal inlet
Shorten pharynx to aid swallowing
58
Which cranial nerves supply the inner layer of pharyngeal muscles?
CN X (10th, vagus)
CN IX (9th, glossopharyngeal)
59
What is the function of the upper oesophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus)?
Prevent air from entering into the esophagus during breathing and to prevent reflux of oesophageal contents into the pharynx to guard airway aspiration.
60
Which vertebral level is the cricopharyngeus positioned at?
C6 (Same as thyroid)
61
Where do pharyngeal muscles insert?
Midline raphe
62
What is LOS and what is it responsible for?
A 2cm zone with high resting tone
Largely responsoble for the prevetion of gastric reflux
63
Where does oeophagus pass through diaphragm at to emter stomach?
T10
10 letters in oesophagus
64
What is the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
A large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart.
65
Where does IVC pass through diaphragm?
T8
| (Vena cava has 8 letters)
66
Where does aorta pass through diaphragm?
T12 - aortic hiatus
| (12 letters - T12)
67
Name the 4 layers of digestive tract wall from inner to outer
Mucosa
Submucosa (connective tissue layer)
Muscularis externa
Adventitia (outer layer of connective tissue)
68
Circular muscles?
Part of muscularis externa layer
Lengthen and narrow lumen
69
Longitudinal muscles?
Part of muscularis externa layer
Shorten and widen the digestive tract
70
Muscularis mucosae?
Part of the mucosa layer
Will fold to aid in absorptive and secretoy functions
71
Are layers consistent actoss length of GI tract?
Yes sir
72
Oesophageal plexus?
In oesophageus this runs on surface to supply the smooth muscles in the wall
73
Parasympathetic fibres from oesophageal plexus?
Increases digestion (speeds up)
74
Sympathetic fibres from oesophageal plexus?
Slows down
75
Muscle layers in upper portion of oesophagus?
Striated skeletal muscles
76
Muscle layers in lower 2/3 of oesophagus?
Smooth muscle
77
What is peristalsis?
A wave of relaxation followed by contraction triggered by gut wall distension
78
What control peristalsis?
Enteric nervous system
79
Myenteric plexus?
Major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility.
80
Where is the myenteric plexus present?
In muscularis mucosae (between circular and longitudinal muscle layers)
81
Pacemaker cells in myenteric plexus?
Plexus has interstitial cells of cajal which are connected to smooth musle cells via gap junctions
Pacemaker creates slow wave potential that leads to contraction of the smooth muscle.
82
When do peristaltic contractions occur?
When extrinsic nervous system also depolarises by opening Ca2+ channels to achieve threshold (threshold can also be achieved by hormonal or mechanical stimuli)
83
What determines the rate of peristaltic contraction?
The slow wave
84
Behind bolus?
Circular muscles contract
Longitudinal muscles relax
85
In front of bolus?
Circular muscles relax
Longitudinal muscles contract
86
In peristalsis what causes contraction?
ACh
87
Relaxation is caused by?
Nitric oxide (NO) and Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
88
What is the peritoneum?
A continuous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity walls and organs
89
Types of peritoneum?
2 continuous layers - Visceral and parietal peritoneum
90
Parietal peritoneum?
Outer layer attached to abdominal wall
91
Visceral peritoneum?
Inner layer that is wrapped around the internal organs that are located inside the intraperitoneal cavity
92
Peritoneal cavity?
Space between the visceral and parietal layers
93
Intraperitoneal organs?
Covered in visceral peritoneum
Minimal mobility
E.g. liver, GB, stomach, spleen, transverse colon, small bowel
94
Retroperitoneal organs?
Only has visceral pertoneum on anterior surface
No mobility
E.g. kidneys, pancreas, ascedning & descending large bowel
95
Mesentery?
A double layer of peritoneum attaching the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen and other abdominal organs to posterior wall of abdomen
Contains blood and lymph vessels & nerves supplying these organs
Very mobile
96
Mesentery proper?
Small bowel mesentery
97
Omentum?
Fold of visceral peritoneum
98
Greater omentum?
Hangs down from stomach
Extends from greater curvature of stomach
Passes in front of small bowel
Then doubles back up to transverse colon
Ends in posterior abdo wall (4 layers)
99
Lesser omentum?
Extends from liver to lesser curvature of stomach and D1 of small intestine (2 layers)
Hepto gastric & heptoduodenual ligaments
Portal triad lies in free edge
100
Heptogastric ligament
Connects the liver to the lesser curature of the stomach
101
Hepatoduodenal ligament?
A peritoneal ligament of lesser omentum containing the portal triad
It extends from the porta hepatis to the first and second parts of the duodenum
102
What does omentum divide peritoneal cavity into?
Greater and lesser sac
103
How do the 2 sacs communicate?
Through the omental foramen
104
Greater sac?
Has subphrenic recess and hepatorenal recess
105
Lesser sac
106
GREATER SAC
107
Parietal peritioneum
108
Visceral peritoneum
109
Lesser omentum
110
Greater omentum
111
How do pouches form?
Formed by peritoneum draping over superior part of pelvic organs
112
Where are pouches located?
Greater sac
113
Male pouch?
Recto-vesicular pouch
114
Female pouches?
Recto-uterine pouch (pouch of douglas) and vesico-uterine pouch
115
Recto-vesicular pouch
MALE
116
117
Nerves of abdominal wall
Somatic sensory nerves
Somatic motor nerves
Sympathetic nerve fibres
118
Nerves of abdominal cavity organs?
Visceral afferents (sensory nerves)
Enteric nervous system
ANS influences ENS - Symp slows down, parasymp speeds up peristalysix
119
Visceral afferents?
Aka sensory
Run alongside sympathetic fibres back to spinal cord
Pain from these areas can be perceived in their relevant dermatomes (referred pain)
120
ANS - sympathetic nerves?
From the abdominosphlanchnic nerves, nerves synapse at pre-verterbal ganglia located at exit points of abdominal aorta
Then travel with arteries (peri-arterial plexus)
121
ANS - parasympathetic nerves?
Travel on the oesophagus; then travel via the periarterialplexuses
122
Vagus nerve (para)?
Supplies GI tract to distal transverse colon
123
Pelvic Splanchnic nerve (S2, 3, 4)
Supplies colon and anal canal
124
How do sympathetic nerves get from CNS to abdominal organs?
Via abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (T5-L2)
125
How are prevertebral ganglia named?
According to ther exit points
126
Parasympathetic nervous outflow?
Craniosacral outflow
127
Sympathetic outflow?
Thoracocolumbar outflow
128
What type of nerves are sympathetic and parasympathetic?
Motor nerves
129
What type of nerves are visceral afferents?
Sensory nerves
130
List the muscles of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis (in mid-line)
131
Nerves of abdominal wall?
Thoracoabdominal nerves
Subcostal nerves
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
132
Left inguinal
133
Pubic
134
Right inguinal
135
Left lumbar
136
Umbilical
137
Right lumbar
138
Left hypochondrium
139
Epigastric
140
Right hypochondrium
141
Which plane?
Subcostal plane (T10)
142
Which plane?
Transtubercular
143
Areas of stomach?
Fundus
Carida
Body
Pylorus
(Pyloruc sphincter at end)
144
Mechanical regions of stomach?
Orad (towards mouth)
Caudad (towards posterior end)
145
Orad?
Tonic contraction
No slow wave activity
Minimal mixing to allow starch to digest
146
Caudad?
Phasic contraction
Slow wave activity present
Retropulsion
147
Tonic contractions?
Contractions that are maintained from several minutes up to hours at a time. These occur in the sphincters of the tract, as well as in the anterior stomach.
148
Phasic contractions?
Brief periods of both relaxation and contraction, occurring in the posterior stomach and the small intestine, and are carried out by the muscularis externa.
149
3 phases of gastric secretion?
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal
150
Cephalic phase?
Before food reaches stomach
Increased HCl secretion
151
Gastric secretion?
Stomach distension causes increase in HCl secretion via mechanoreceptors
152
Intestinal phase of gastric secretion?
After food has left stomach
153
When are secretagogues released?
In cephalic phase, vagal stimulation promotes release of 3 which inc HCl secretion
154
3 secretagogues which induce HCl secretion?
ACh (activates parietal cells, inhibit D cells)
Gastrin (activates parietal cells)
Histamine (activates parietal cells to secrete HCl)
155
Hypothalamic control of hunger?
Orexigenic neurons go to the feeding centre in the lateral hypothalamic area and stimulates appetite
Anorexiogenic neurons go to the satiety centre in the ventromedial nuclei and inhibits appetite
156
Secretion of HCl by gastric parietal cells?
H/K/ATPase pump
157
Where is vomiting centre?
Medulla
158
Blood supply to stomach?
All from coeliac trunk
Right and left gastric arteries along the lesser curvature of the stomach (anastamose)
Right and left gastro-omental arteries along the greater curvature of the stomach (anastamose)
159
What is small bowel made up of?
Duodenum
Jejenum
lleum
160
Function of small intestine?
Is where most of the absorption of minerals and nutrients takes place
161
Is superior part of duodenum (duodenual cap) intra or retroperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
162
Are descending, horizontal and ascending part of duoedneum intra or retroperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
163
Where does duodenum being?
Pyloric sphincter
164
Pyloric sphincter
165
Duodenal cap
166
Where does duodenum receive chyme from?
The stomach
167
Location and role of Brunner's gland?
In submucosa of duodenum
Releases alkaline mucous to neutralise acidic chyme
168
