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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the muscle of mastication? (4)

A

Temporalis, Masseter, Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid

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2
Q

Which muscle of mastication aids opening of the mouth?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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3
Q

Where does lateral pterygoid originate?

A

Condyle of mandible

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4
Q

Where does lateral pterygoid insert?

A

At pterygoid plates

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5
Q

What 3 muscles of mastication are involved in closing of mouth?

A

Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid

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6
Q

Where does temporalis originate?

A

At coronoid process of mandible

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7
Q

Where does temporalis insert?

A

At temporal fossa

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8
Q

Where does masseter originate?

A

At angle of mandible

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9
Q

Where does masseter insert?

A

At zygomatic arch

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10
Q

Where does medial pterygoid originate?

A

From angle of mandible

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11
Q

Where does medial pterygoid insert?

A

To pterygoid plate

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12
Q

What cranial nerve supplies these muscles?

A

CN V3

The mandibular nerve (third division of fifth cranial nerve)

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13
Q

Where does movement occur?

A

Temperomandibular joint (TMJ)

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14
Q

What is TMJ made from?

A

Mandibular fossa on temporal bone Head of condylar process Articular tubercle

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15
Q
A

Temporalis

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16
Q
A

Masseter

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17
Q
A

Lateral pterygoid

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18
Q
A

Medial pterygoid

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19
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the superior 1/2 of the oral cavity?

A

CN V2

The maxillary nerve

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20
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the inferior 1/2 of the oral cavity?

A

CN V3

The mandibular nerve

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21
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the orbicularis oris?

A

CN VII

The facial nerve

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22
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies gag reflex?

(Motor and sensory)

A

Motor supply - CN IX & CN X

The glossopharyngeal nerve & Vagus nerve

Sensory supply - CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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23
Q

3 major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual

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24
Q

Parotid salivary gland secretes into mouth by?

A

Upper 2nd molar

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25
Q

Cranial nerve supply for parotid gland?

A

CN IX supply

(Glossopharyngeal)

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26
Q

Where does submandibular gland enter mouth and secrete via?

A

Enters floor of mouth & secretes via lingual caruncle

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27
Q

Cranial nerve supply for submandibular gland?

A

CN VII

Facial nerve

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28
Q

Where is sublingual gland situated and where does it secrete via?

A

Lays in floor of mouth & secretes via several ducts superiorly

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29
Q

Cranial nerve supply for siblingual gland?

A

CN VII

Facial nerve

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30
Q

CNV?

A

Trigeminal nerve (5th cranical nerve)

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31
Q

What is CN V responsible for?

A

Sensation in face & motor functions e.g. chewing, biting

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32
Q

CN V1?

A

Opthalmic nerve

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33
Q

CN V2

A

Maxillary nerve

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34
Q

CN V3

A

Mandibular nerve

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35
Q

Do CN V1 and CN V2 have sensory or motor functions?

A

Purely sensory

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36
Q

Does CN V3 have sensory or motor functions?

A

Motor & sensory

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37
Q
A

Parotid gland

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38
Q
A

Submandibular gland

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39
Q

Describe the posterior 1/3 of tongue?

(3)

A

In oropharynx

Verticle portion

CN IX supply for taste & general sensation

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40
Q

Describe the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

In oral cavity

Horizontal portion

CN VII supplies taste

CN V3 supplies general sensory

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41
Q

Name the 4 papillae of the tongue

A

Foliate

Vallate

Fungiform

Filiform

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42
Q
A

Posterior 1/3

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43
Q
A

Follate

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44
Q
A

Vallate

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45
Q
A

Fungiform

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46
Q
A

Filiform

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47
Q
A

Anterior 2/3

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48
Q

What do mouth & oropharynx do?

A

Chop up, lubricate and deliver food to oesophagus

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49
Q

What is pharynx made up of?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

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50
Q

What does pharynx contain?

What are these made up of?

A

Tonsils

Lymphoid like tissue

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51
Q

Types of tonsils? (3)

A

Palatine

Pharyngeal

Lingual

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52
Q

What type of muscles are the outer layer of pharynx & what is their function?

A

Constrictor muscles

Constrict sequentially to move food down to oesophagus

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53
Q

Name the constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A

Superior constrictor muscle

Middle constrictor muscle

Inferior constrictor muscle

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54
Q

What nerves supply the outer layer/ constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

CNX vagus nerve

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55
Q

Vagus nerve?

A

10th cranial nerve

Supplies motor nerve fibres to swallowing muscles and parasympathetic fibres to heart & organs of chest and abdomen

Sensory branches carry impulses from viscera and taste sensation from mouth

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56
Q

What muscle type are the inner layer of pharyngeal muscles?

A

Longitudinal muscles

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57
Q

Funcition of inner layer/ longitudinal muscles of pharynx?

A

Elevate larynx

Close laryngeal inlet

Shorten pharynx to aid swallowing

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58
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the inner layer of pharyngeal muscles?

A

CN X (10th, vagus)

CN IX (9th, glossopharyngeal)

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59
Q

What is the function of the upper oesophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus)?

A

Prevent air from entering into the esophagus during breathing and to prevent reflux of oesophageal contents into the pharynx to guard airway aspiration.

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60
Q

Which vertebral level is the cricopharyngeus positioned at?

A

C6 (Same as thyroid)

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61
Q

Where do pharyngeal muscles insert?

A

Midline raphe

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62
Q

What is LOS and what is it responsible for?

A

A 2cm zone with high resting tone

Largely responsoble for the prevetion of gastric reflux

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63
Q

Where does oeophagus pass through diaphragm at to emter stomach?

A

T10

10 letters in oesophagus

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64
Q

What is the inferior vena cava (IVC)?

A

A large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart.

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65
Q

Where does IVC pass through diaphragm?

A

T8

(Vena cava has 8 letters)

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66
Q

Where does aorta pass through diaphragm?

A

T12 - aortic hiatus

(12 letters - T12)

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67
Q

Name the 4 layers of digestive tract wall from inner to outer

A

Mucosa

Submucosa (connective tissue layer)

Muscularis externa

Adventitia (outer layer of connective tissue)

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68
Q

Circular muscles?

A

Part of muscularis externa layer

Lengthen and narrow lumen

69
Q

Longitudinal muscles?

A

Part of muscularis externa layer

Shorten and widen the digestive tract

70
Q

Muscularis mucosae?

A

Part of the mucosa layer

Will fold to aid in absorptive and secretoy functions

71
Q

Are layers consistent actoss length of GI tract?

A

Yes sir

72
Q

Oesophageal plexus?

A

In oesophageus this runs on surface to supply the smooth muscles in the wall

73
Q

Parasympathetic fibres from oesophageal plexus?

A

Increases digestion (speeds up)

74
Q

Sympathetic fibres from oesophageal plexus?

A

Slows down

75
Q

Muscle layers in upper portion of oesophagus?

A

Striated skeletal muscles

76
Q

Muscle layers in lower 2/3 of oesophagus?

A

Smooth muscle

77
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

A wave of relaxation followed by contraction triggered by gut wall distension

78
Q

What control peristalsis?

A

Enteric nervous system

79
Q

Myenteric plexus?

A

Major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract motility.

80
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus present?

A

In muscularis mucosae (between circular and longitudinal muscle layers)

81
Q

Pacemaker cells in myenteric plexus?

A

Plexus has interstitial cells of cajal which are connected to smooth musle cells via gap junctions

Pacemaker creates slow wave potential that leads to contraction of the smooth muscle.

82
Q

When do peristaltic contractions occur?

A

When extrinsic nervous system also depolarises by opening Ca2+ channels to achieve threshold (threshold can also be achieved by hormonal or mechanical stimuli)

83
Q

What determines the rate of peristaltic contraction?

A

The slow wave

84
Q

Behind bolus?

A

Circular muscles contract

Longitudinal muscles relax

85
Q

In front of bolus?

A

Circular muscles relax

Longitudinal muscles contract

86
Q

In peristalsis what causes contraction?

A

ACh

87
Q

Relaxation is caused by?

A

Nitric oxide (NO) and Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

88
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A continuous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity walls and organs

89
Q

Types of peritoneum?

A

2 continuous layers - Visceral and parietal peritoneum

90
Q

Parietal peritoneum?

A

Outer layer attached to abdominal wall

91
Q

Visceral peritoneum?

A

Inner layer that is wrapped around the internal organs that are located inside the intraperitoneal cavity

92
Q

Peritoneal cavity?

A

Space between the visceral and parietal layers

93
Q

Intraperitoneal organs?

A

Covered in visceral peritoneum

Minimal mobility

E.g. liver, GB, stomach, spleen, transverse colon, small bowel

94
Q

Retroperitoneal organs?

A

Only has visceral pertoneum on anterior surface

No mobility

E.g. kidneys, pancreas, ascedning & descending large bowel

95
Q

Mesentery?

A

A double layer of peritoneum attaching the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen and other abdominal organs to posterior wall of abdomen

Contains blood and lymph vessels & nerves supplying these organs

Very mobile

96
Q

Mesentery proper?

A

Small bowel mesentery

97
Q

Omentum?

A

Fold of visceral peritoneum

98
Q

Greater omentum?

A

Hangs down from stomach

Extends from greater curvature of stomach

Passes in front of small bowel

Then doubles back up to transverse colon

Ends in posterior abdo wall (4 layers)

99
Q

Lesser omentum?

A

Extends from liver to lesser curvature of stomach and D1 of small intestine (2 layers)

Hepto gastric & heptoduodenual ligaments

Portal triad lies in free edge

100
Q

Heptogastric ligament

A

Connects the liver to the lesser curature of the stomach

101
Q

Hepatoduodenal ligament?

A

A peritoneal ligament of lesser omentum containing the portal triad

It extends from the porta hepatis to the first and second parts of the duodenum

102
Q

What does omentum divide peritoneal cavity into?

A

Greater and lesser sac

103
Q

How do the 2 sacs communicate?

A

Through the omental foramen

104
Q

Greater sac?

A

Has subphrenic recess and hepatorenal recess

105
Q
A

Lesser sac

106
Q
A

GREATER SAC

107
Q
A

Parietal peritioneum

108
Q
A

Visceral peritoneum

109
Q
A

Lesser omentum

110
Q
A

Greater omentum

111
Q

How do pouches form?

A

Formed by peritoneum draping over superior part of pelvic organs

112
Q

Where are pouches located?

A

Greater sac

113
Q

Male pouch?

A

Recto-vesicular pouch

114
Q

Female pouches?

A

Recto-uterine pouch (pouch of douglas) and vesico-uterine pouch

115
Q
A

Recto-vesicular pouch

MALE

116
Q
A
117
Q

Nerves of abdominal wall

A

Somatic sensory nerves

Somatic motor nerves

Sympathetic nerve fibres

118
Q

Nerves of abdominal cavity organs?

A

Visceral afferents (sensory nerves)

Enteric nervous system

ANS influences ENS - Symp slows down, parasymp speeds up peristalysix

119
Q

Visceral afferents?

A

Aka sensory

Run alongside sympathetic fibres back to spinal cord

Pain from these areas can be perceived in their relevant dermatomes (referred pain)

120
Q

ANS - sympathetic nerves?

A

From the abdominosphlanchnic nerves, nerves synapse at pre-verterbal ganglia located at exit points of abdominal aorta

Then travel with arteries (peri-arterial plexus)

121
Q

ANS - parasympathetic nerves?

A

Travel on the oesophagus; then travel via the periarterialplexuses

122
Q

Vagus nerve (para)?

A

Supplies GI tract to distal transverse colon

123
Q

Pelvic Splanchnic nerve (S2, 3, 4)

A

Supplies colon and anal canal

124
Q

How do sympathetic nerves get from CNS to abdominal organs?

A

Via abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (T5-L2)

125
Q

How are prevertebral ganglia named?

A

According to ther exit points

126
Q

Parasympathetic nervous outflow?

A

Craniosacral outflow

127
Q

Sympathetic outflow?

A

Thoracocolumbar outflow

128
Q

What type of nerves are sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

Motor nerves

129
Q

What type of nerves are visceral afferents?

A

Sensory nerves

130
Q

List the muscles of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep

A

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transversus abdominis

Rectus abdominis (in mid-line)

131
Q

Nerves of abdominal wall?

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves

Subcostal nerves

Iliohypogastric nerve

Ilioinguinal nerve

132
Q
A

Left inguinal

133
Q
A

Pubic

134
Q
A

Right inguinal

135
Q
A

Left lumbar

136
Q
A

Umbilical

137
Q
A

Right lumbar

138
Q
A

Left hypochondrium

139
Q
A

Epigastric

140
Q
A

Right hypochondrium

141
Q

Which plane?

A

Subcostal plane (T10)

142
Q

Which plane?

A

Transtubercular

143
Q

Areas of stomach?

A

Fundus

Carida

Body

Pylorus

(Pyloruc sphincter at end)

144
Q

Mechanical regions of stomach?

A

Orad (towards mouth)

Caudad (towards posterior end)

145
Q

Orad?

A

Tonic contraction

No slow wave activity

Minimal mixing to allow starch to digest

146
Q

Caudad?

A

Phasic contraction

Slow wave activity present

Retropulsion

147
Q

Tonic contractions?

A

Contractions that are maintained from several minutes up to hours at a time. These occur in the sphincters of the tract, as well as in the anterior stomach.

148
Q

Phasic contractions?

A

Brief periods of both relaxation and contraction, occurring in the posterior stomach and the small intestine, and are carried out by the muscularis externa.

149
Q

3 phases of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic

Gastric

Intestinal

150
Q

Cephalic phase?

A

Before food reaches stomach

Increased HCl secretion

151
Q

Gastric secretion?

A

Stomach distension causes increase in HCl secretion via mechanoreceptors

152
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric secretion?

A

After food has left stomach

153
Q

When are secretagogues released?

A

In cephalic phase, vagal stimulation promotes release of 3 which inc HCl secretion

154
Q

3 secretagogues which induce HCl secretion?

A

ACh (activates parietal cells, inhibit D cells)

Gastrin (activates parietal cells)

Histamine (activates parietal cells to secrete HCl)

155
Q

Hypothalamic control of hunger?

A

Orexigenic neurons go to the feeding centre in the lateral hypothalamic area and stimulates appetite

Anorexiogenic neurons go to the satiety centre in the ventromedial nuclei and inhibits appetite

156
Q

Secretion of HCl by gastric parietal cells?

A

H/K/ATPase pump

157
Q

Where is vomiting centre?

A

Medulla

158
Q

Blood supply to stomach?

A

All from coeliac trunk

Right and left gastric arteries along the lesser curvature of the stomach (anastamose)

Right and left gastro-omental arteries along the greater curvature of the stomach (anastamose)

159
Q

What is small bowel made up of?

A

Duodenum

Jejenum

lleum

160
Q

Function of small intestine?

A

Is where most of the absorption of minerals and nutrients takes place

161
Q

Is superior part of duodenum (duodenual cap) intra or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

162
Q

Are descending, horizontal and ascending part of duoedneum intra or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

163
Q

Where does duodenum being?

A

Pyloric sphincter

164
Q
A

Pyloric sphincter

165
Q
A

Duodenal cap

166
Q

Where does duodenum receive chyme from?

A

The stomach

167
Q

Location and role of Brunner’s gland?

A

In submucosa of duodenum

Releases alkaline mucous to neutralise acidic chyme

168
Q
A

GI (9 decks)

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