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Principles Em > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an intrinsic control system?

A

System to maintain homeostasis within an organ

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2
Q

What is an extrinsic control system?

A

A system to control homeostasis initiated outside an organ

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3
Q

What is a feedforeward system?

A

A response in anticipation to a change

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4
Q

What does positive feedback do?

A

A response after a change that amplifies that change (ie contractions in labour)

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5
Q

What does negative feedback do?

A

A response that occurs after a change that opposes the initial change

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6
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The outwards pressure by the blood on the vessel walls

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7
Q

What is systolic BP a measure of?

A

Pressure excerted during heart contraction

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8
Q

What is diastolic BP a measure of?

A

Pressure excerted when the heart relaxes (dia-dies)

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9
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Systolic - diastolic

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10
Q

What is a normal systolic and diastolic?

A

Systolic <140mmHg at rest

Diastolic <90mmHg at rest

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11
Q

What is a normal pulse pressure?

A

30-50mmHg

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12
Q

What is the mean arterial BP?

A

The average pressure over 1 cardiac cycle

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13
Q

How do you calculate the MAP?

A

[(2×diastolic) + systole] ÷ 3

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14
Q

What is the normal range for MAP?

A

70-105mmHg

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15
Q

What is the minimum MAP needed to peruse vital organs?

A

60mmHg

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16
Q

How else can you calculate the MAP (apart from using systole and diastole)?

A

MAP = CO × SVR

MAP = SV × HR × SVR

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17
Q

How do you calculate the cardiac output?

A

CO = SV × HR

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18
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped per ventricle per minute

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19
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per heart beat

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20
Q

What can you alter to control blood pressure?

A

Stroke volume
The heart rate
The systemic resistance

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21
Q

Which part of the nervous system controls the heart rate?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

What part of the ANS increases the heart rate?

A

Sympathetic

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23
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic division of the ANS have on heart rate?

A

The division of the vagus nerve decreases heart rate

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24
Q

Does vasoconstriction increase or decrease SVR and MAP?

A

Increase

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25
Q

How can heat be exchanged to the external environment?

A

Radiation
Evaporation
Conduction
Convection - forced air movement

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26
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

Join the lateral edges of epithelial cells near their apical membranes

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27
Q

What do desmosomes (anchoring junctions) do?

A

Link adjacent cells tightly to provide mechanical strength

28
Q

What do gap (communicating) junctions do?

A

Allow the movement of ions and molecules between adjacent cells

29
Q

What 5 factors influence diffusion across the membrane?

A

The magnitude of the concentration gradient
The surface area of the membrane
The lipid solubility of the substance
The molecular weight of the substance
The distance through which diffusion is taking place

30
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The effect a solution has on cell volume

Can be iso- hypo- or hyper-

31
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

There is no movement of water, therefore no change in cell volume

32
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Water moves into the cells causing them to swell.

33
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink

34
Q

What does the sodium, potassium ion pump do?

A

Helps to establish sodium and potassium in concentration gradients
For every 3 Na+ out 2K+ go in

35
Q

What are the two types of vesticular transport and do they require energy?

A

Exocytosis
Endocytosis

Yes - active process

36
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

The separation of opposite charges across the membrane due to differences in the concentrations and permeability of ions

37
Q

Which cells produce action potentials when they are excited?

A

Nerve and muscle cells

38
Q

Is the concentration for K+ ions outwards or inwards?

A

Outwards

39
Q

If the permeability of Na+ ions is increased across a cell membrane what happens to the membrane potential?

A

It is driven closer towards the Na+ ions equilibrium potential. So the membrane potential is increased

40
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

41
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for K+ ions?

A

-90mv

42
Q

What is the Nernst equation and what is it used for?

A

Eion = 61log10 [ion]outside/[ion] inside

Used to calculate the equilibrium potential for any given ion

43
Q

what is the equilibrium potential for sodium ions?

A

+61mV

44
Q

What formula is used to calculate the resting membrane potential?

A

the goldman-hodgkin-katz equation

45
Q

what happens during depolarization?

A

the membrane potential becomes less negative

46
Q

what happens during hyperpolarization?

A

when the membrane potential becomes more negative

47
Q

what happens during repolarisation?

A

the depolarised state returns back to the normal resting value

48
Q

Passive movement of an ion through an ion channel is driven by…

A

the electrochemical gradient for that ion

49
Q

Why do sodium ions flow inwardly?

A

the concentration gradient is inward

the electrical gradient is inwards

50
Q

why do potassium ions flow outwardly?

A

because the concentration gradient is outwards and the energy of that exceeds that of the electrical gradient which is inwards

51
Q

if lots of sodium ion channels are open, what effect does this have in the membrane potential?

A

it increases towards the equilibrium potential for the sodium ions

52
Q

what can ion channels be gated by?

A

LGICs
VGICs
Physical stimuli - for example mechanical stretch

53
Q

which type of ion gated channel is responsible for the action potential in neurons?

A

VGICs

54
Q

what is an action potential?

A

An all or nothing, brief electrical signal in which the polarity of the membrane is momentarily reversed

55
Q

when are action potentials generated?

A

when the threshold is reached

56
Q

what is the upstroke in an action potential caused by?

A

the opening of sodium ion channels - causing depolarization

57
Q

what is the downstroke caused by?

A

the opening of potassium ion channels and the inactivation of sodium ion channels

58
Q

what is the undershoot caused by?

A

the delayed closure of the voltage activated potassium ion channels

59
Q

what 3 states do voltage gated sodium ion channels exist in?

A

closed
open
inactivated

60
Q

what is needed for the sodium ion channels to return to its closed state?

A

repolarisation

61
Q

how can you increase passive current speed in a nerve fibre?

A

increasing the diameter of the axon
or
add an insulating material (myelin) to decrease the leak of current across the axon

62
Q

How are impulses sent in myelinated axons?

A

by saltatory conduction - the signal jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next

63
Q

what happens to the action potential in un-myelinated axons?

A

there is a passive (leaky) spread of current

64
Q

what are the pre and postganglionic neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic division?

A

Acetyl choline for both

65
Q

what are the pre and postganglionic neurotransmitters for the sympathetic division?

A

pre = acetyl choline

post = noradrenaline

66
Q

how is a neurotransmitter’s release via exocytosis induced?

A

by calcium ion influx through voltage activated calcium channels

Principles Em (10 decks)

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