Anatomy Flashcards
What is paralysis?
A motor nerve problem where there is no contraction and reduced tone
What is spasticity?
Problem with descending brain control and there is increased tone
What can paralysis lead to?
Atrophy
What is bifurcation?
Splitting of the artery due to turbulence in order to control pressure
What are the 6 pulses and where are they found?
Radial (wrist) Carotid (neck) Bracheal (upper arm) Femoral (groin) Popliteal (behind knee) Dorsalis pedis (dorsal surface or foot)
What arteries run off the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Which arteries branch off the ascending aorta?
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery
What does the descending aorta turn into?
The thoracic then abdominal which splits into the right and left common iliacs arteries
What is the progression of the names of the arteries in your arm?
Subclavian then axillary then brachial then radial/ulnar
What is the progression of the arteries in your legs?
External iliac then femoral then popliteal then post tibial
What is a spermatic cord made up of?
Vast deferens
Pampiniform plexus
Testicular artery
What is the passage of the sperm?
Seminiferous tubules Rete testis Epididymis Vas deferens which go around the bladder Joins with the seminal glands Goes through the prostate Enters the urethra
What is the passage of the testes during development?
Posterior wall of abdomen
Through the layers of abdominal wall
Through inguinal canal
Into the scrotum
What do nerves do?
Allow us to sense and react to our environment
Give examples of sensory functions.
Touch
Pain
Temperature
What are your special senses?
Taste Smell Sight Hearing Balance
What are your motor functions?
Movement, can be voluntary or involuntary
What are reflexes?
A sensory input and a motor output
What are the anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
What makes up your CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
What makes up your PNS?
Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, autonomic nerves (all nerve tissue out with the CNS)
PNS is like the wiring coming out of the CNS
What is a neuron?
A nerve cell
What are the parts of a neuron?
Body
Dendrites
Axon/nerve fibre
What is a ganglion?
A collection of nerve cell bodies
What is an axon?
A nerve fibre carrying action potentials
What are peripheral nerves?
Bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue travelling to or from the same structure
What are the 6 modalities an axon could carry?
Somatic sensory function Somatic motor function Special sensory function Visceral affront function Sympathetic function Parasympathetic function
Spinal nerves and branches have mixed modalities. True or false?
True
They have somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic
How many cranial nerves have mixed modalities?
5
Where does the motor function originate from and go to?
Originates in the CNS then goes into the PNS towards the body wall or organ
Where does the sensory function originate from and go to?
The PNS to the CNS - action potential towards the brain
What are the gyri?
This bit that sticks up- Part of the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres
What are the sulci?
The grooves/deeper bits in the outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
What are the names of the cranial nerves?
Cn I = olfactory nerve Cn II = optic nerve Cn III = oculomotor nerve Cn IV = trochlear nerve Cn V = trigeminal nerves Cn VI = abducent nerve Cn VII = facial nerve Cn VIII = vestibulocochlear nerve Cn IX = glossopharyngeal nerve Cn X = vagus nerve Cn XI = spinal accessory nerve Cn XII = hypoglossal nerve
What is the mnemonic to remember the modalities of the cranial nerves?
Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more
How are the cranial nerves ordered if looking from an inferior view?
From anterior to posterior and from medial to lateral
What are the 3 areas that the inferior view of the cranium can be split into?
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
Which cranial nerves enter/exit in the anterior cranial fossa?
Cn I = olifacory nerve
Which cranial nerves enter/exit through the middle cranial fossa?
Cn II Cn III Cn IV Cn Va,Vb and Vc Cn VI
Which cranial nerve has 3 parts?
Cn V
Which cranial nerves enter/exit through the posterior cranial fossa?
CN VII CN VIII CN IX CN X CN XI CN XII
Where does the CN I enter/exit?
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Where does CN II enter/exit?
Optic canal
What cranial nerves enter/exit through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III
CN IV
CN Va
CN VI
Where does CN Vb enter/exit?
Foramen rotundum
Where does CN Vc enter/exit?
Foramen ovale
Where do CN VII & CN VIII enter/exit?
Internal acoustic meatus
Where do CN IX, X & XI enter/exit?
Jugular foramen
What CN enter/exit through the hypoglossal canal?
CN XIII
What goes through the foramen magnum?
The spinal cord
What are the 4 segments of the spinal cord?
Cervical (top)
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral/coccygeal (bottom)
In which segments are the 2 enlargements?
Cervical and lumbosacral
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
Where does the spinal cord end?
Inferiorly at L1/L2 - conus medullaris
What is the end of the vertebral column called?
Cauda equina
what is parasympathetic innervation made up from?
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X
PLUS sacral spinal nerves
Somatic pain is?
sharp, stabbing, well localised
Visceral pain is?
dull, aching, nauseating, poorly localised
radiating pain is?
pain felt in one location and spreading
referred pain is?
pain felt ONLY at a site remote to the area of damage
which part of the brain brings body wall sensations into consciousness?
postcentral gryus of the parietal lobe
which part of the brain brings about contractions of the body wall’s skeletal muscle?
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
