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Principles Em > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is paralysis?

A

A motor nerve problem where there is no contraction and reduced tone

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2
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Problem with descending brain control and there is increased tone

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3
Q

What can paralysis lead to?

A

Atrophy

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4
Q

What is bifurcation?

A

Splitting of the artery due to turbulence in order to control pressure

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5
Q

What are the 6 pulses and where are they found?

A 
Radial (wrist)
Carotid (neck)
Bracheal (upper arm)
Femoral (groin)
Popliteal (behind knee)
Dorsalis pedis (dorsal surface or foot)
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6
Q

What arteries run off the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

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7
Q

Which arteries branch off the ascending aorta?

A

Left coronary artery

Right coronary artery

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8
Q

What does the descending aorta turn into?

A

The thoracic then abdominal which splits into the right and left common iliacs arteries

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9
Q

What is the progression of the names of the arteries in your arm?

A

Subclavian then axillary then brachial then radial/ulnar

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10
Q

What is the progression of the arteries in your legs?

A

External iliac then femoral then popliteal then post tibial

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11
Q

What is a spermatic cord made up of?

A

Vast deferens
Pampiniform plexus
Testicular artery

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12
Q

What is the passage of the sperm?

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Rete testis
Epididymis 
Vas deferens which go around the bladder
Joins with the seminal glands
Goes through the prostate
Enters the urethra
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13
Q

What is the passage of the testes during development?

A

Posterior wall of abdomen
Through the layers of abdominal wall
Through inguinal canal
Into the scrotum

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14
Q

What do nerves do?

A

Allow us to sense and react to our environment

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15
Q

Give examples of sensory functions.

A

Touch
Pain
Temperature

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16
Q

What are your special senses?

A 
Taste
Smell
Sight
Hearing
Balance
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17
Q

What are your motor functions?

A

Movement, can be voluntary or involuntary

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18
Q

What are reflexes?

A

A sensory input and a motor output

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19
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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20
Q

What makes up your CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

What makes up your PNS?

A

Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, autonomic nerves (all nerve tissue out with the CNS)
PNS is like the wiring coming out of the CNS

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22
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A nerve cell

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23
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Body
Dendrites
Axon/nerve fibre

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24
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies

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25
Q

What is an axon?

A

A nerve fibre carrying action potentials

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26
Q

What are peripheral nerves?

A

Bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue travelling to or from the same structure

27
Q

What are the 6 modalities an axon could carry?

A 
Somatic sensory function
Somatic motor function 
Special sensory function
Visceral affront function
Sympathetic function
Parasympathetic function
28
Q

Spinal nerves and branches have mixed modalities. True or false?

A

True

They have somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic

29
Q

How many cranial nerves have mixed modalities?

A

5

30
Q

Where does the motor function originate from and go to?

A

Originates in the CNS then goes into the PNS towards the body wall or organ

31
Q

Where does the sensory function originate from and go to?

A

The PNS to the CNS - action potential towards the brain

32
Q

What are the gyri?

A

This bit that sticks up- Part of the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres

33
Q

What are the sulci?

A

The grooves/deeper bits in the outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere

34
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

35
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

36
Q

What are the names of the cranial nerves?

A 
Cn I = olfactory nerve
Cn II = optic nerve
Cn III = oculomotor nerve
Cn IV = trochlear nerve
Cn V = trigeminal nerves
Cn VI = abducent nerve
Cn VII = facial nerve
Cn VIII = vestibulocochlear nerve
Cn IX = glossopharyngeal nerve
Cn X = vagus nerve
Cn XI = spinal accessory nerve
Cn XII = hypoglossal nerve
37
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the modalities of the cranial nerves?

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more

38
Q

How are the cranial nerves ordered if looking from an inferior view?

A

From anterior to posterior and from medial to lateral

39
Q

What are the 3 areas that the inferior view of the cranium can be split into?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

40
Q

Which cranial nerves enter/exit in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Cn I = olifacory nerve

41
Q

Which cranial nerves enter/exit through the middle cranial fossa?

A 
Cn II
Cn III
Cn IV
Cn Va,Vb and Vc
Cn VI
42
Q

Which cranial nerve has 3 parts?

A

Cn V

43
Q

Which cranial nerves enter/exit through the posterior cranial fossa?

A 
CN VII
CN VIII
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII
44
Q

Where does the CN I enter/exit?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

45
Q

Where does CN II enter/exit?

A

Optic canal

46
Q

What cranial nerves enter/exit through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III
CN IV
CN Va
CN VI

47
Q

Where does CN Vb enter/exit?

A

Foramen rotundum

48
Q

Where does CN Vc enter/exit?

A

Foramen ovale

49
Q

Where do CN VII & CN VIII enter/exit?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

50
Q

Where do CN IX, X & XI enter/exit?

A

Jugular foramen

51
Q

What CN enter/exit through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XIII

52
Q

What goes through the foramen magnum?

A

The spinal cord

53
Q

What are the 4 segments of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical (top)
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral/coccygeal (bottom)

54
Q

In which segments are the 2 enlargements?

A

Cervical and lumbosacral

55
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

56
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Inferiorly at L1/L2 - conus medullaris

57
Q

What is the end of the vertebral column called?

A

Cauda equina

58
Q

what is parasympathetic innervation made up from?

A

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X

PLUS sacral spinal nerves

59
Q

Somatic pain is?

A

sharp, stabbing, well localised

60
Q

Visceral pain is?

A

dull, aching, nauseating, poorly localised

61
Q

radiating pain is?

A

pain felt in one location and spreading

62
Q

referred pain is?

A

pain felt ONLY at a site remote to the area of damage

63
Q

which part of the brain brings body wall sensations into consciousness?

A

postcentral gryus of the parietal lobe

64
Q

which part of the brain brings about contractions of the body wall’s skeletal muscle?

A

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

Principles Em (10 decks)

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