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Principles Em > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What does VINDICATE stand for?

A 
Vascular
Infection
Neoplasia
Drugs/degenerate
Iatrogenic
Congenital
Autoimmune
Trauma
Endocrine/metabolic
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2
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

A

Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Dolar - pain
Tumor - swelling

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3
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Dysplasia of the whole epithelium

It is the final stage before cancer

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4
Q

What are Weinbergs Hallmarks of cancer?

A

Sustaining proliferating signalling

Evading growth suppressors

Avoiding immune destruction

Enabling replicative immortality

Tumor-promoting inflammation

Activating invasion and metastasis

Inducing angiogenesis - own blood supply

Genome instability and mutation

Resisting cell death

Deregulating cellular energetics

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5
Q

What genes can cause cancer?

A

APC gene
RB mutations
BRCA

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell numbers

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7
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size

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8
Q

What are the two method through which a cell can die?

A

Necrosis and apoptosis

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9
Q

what is necrosis?

A

pathological cell death in the absence of a signal requiring no energy

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10
Q

what are the three types of necrosis?

A

coagulative
liquefactive
caseous

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11
Q

give an example of when each type of necrosis is used.

A

coagulative necrosis of cardiac muscle in MI
Liquefactive necrosis if necrosis in the brain OR pus
Caseous necrosis in TB

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12
Q

describe what happens in the types of necrosis.

A

Coagulative: proteins coagulate, there is preservation of the cell outline.
Liquefactive: necrotic material is softened and liquified, no cell structure remains.
Caseous is cheese like

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13
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis?

A

cell death by necrosis with infection on top

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14
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death which requires energy. It can be pathological or physiological.

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15
Q

what is P53, what is its function and why is it important?

A

P53 is a protein its function is to monitor mistakes in the cell cycle at G1. If found, repair will be attempted, if cant repair then P53 stimulates caspases and signals for apoptosis. If lost it can lead to development of cancer

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16
Q

what are telomeres and what are their significance in cancer?

A

TTAGGG part of a chromosome that enables cell to divide, with divisions will get smaller until gone and cell will die. Cancer reactivates telomerase which adds telomeres onto chromosomes, making cancer cells immortal

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17
Q

what is surface adhesion molecules expression on neutrophils increased by?

A

C5a
Leukotriene B2
TNF

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18
Q

What is expression of endothelial adhersion molecules increased by, to aid neutrophil adhesion?

A

IL-1
Endotoxins
TNF

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19
Q

what role does histamine play in acute inflammation?

A

vasodilator

20
Q

what is histamine released by?

A

mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, platelets

21
Q

what is histamines release stimulated by?

A

C3a, C5a and lysosomal proteins

22
Q

What does serotonin do in acute inflammation?

A

increases vascular permeability

23
Q

What role do chemokines play in acute inflammation?

A

attract various leucocytes to site of inflammation

24
Q

what do prostaglandins do in acute inflammation?

A

increase vascular permeability, stimulate platelet aggregation

25
Q

what is suppuration?

A

the formation of pus, containing neutrophils, bacteria and cellular debris

26
Q

which cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

A

plasma cells
lymphocytes
macrophages

27
Q

what signs of chronic inflammation would be seen macroscopically?

A 
chronic ulcer
chronic abscess cavity
thickening of wall by fibrous tissue
granulomatous
fibrosis
28
Q

what is a granuloma?

A

collection of macrophages, is a characteristic of chronic inflammation

29
Q

define atrophy

A

reduction in cell size and number

30
Q

define hypoplasia

A

reduced size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size

31
Q

define metaplasia and give an example

A

one type of cell becomes another form of cell in response to stress (example Barrett’s oesophagus)

32
Q

define neoplasia

A

new growth. Normally abnormal mass of tissue growth which is uncoordinated

33
Q

Neoplastic cells are monoclonal, what does this mean?

A

they are derived from a single common ancestor

34
Q

what is carcinoma?

A

cancer of epithelial cell

35
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

presence of abnormal cell type within a tissue leading to disordered growth that is a pre-malignant process

36
Q

what is angiogenesis?

A

formation of new, abnormal blood vessels

37
Q

what is sarcoma?

A

cancer of mesenchymal cell

38
Q

how does malignancy occur (basic summary)?

A

Initiation (first mutation)
promotion (further mutations are accumulated)
persistence (unregulated abnormal growth)

39
Q

describe what happens in the vascular phase of acute inflammation.

A
  1. vasodilation of arterioles
  2. stasis (slows, loss of laminar flow)
  3. margination
  4. rolling
  5. pavmenting (endothelials express ICAM and VCAM adhesion molecules, white cells express integrins, selectins etc)
  6. migration
  7. leaky vessels
40
Q

how do chemotaxis aid migration?

A

chemical gradient which chemotaxis follow, increasing concentration of complement proteins.

41
Q

what is the problem with suppuration?

A

it is walled off so antibiotics and immune cells cannot penetrate so must be drained

42
Q

what does coagulative and liquefactive necrosis result in?

A 
Coagulative = scarring
Liquefactive = hole/cavity
43
Q

how do you diagnose TB?

A

PCR and positive Ziehl Neelson stain

44
Q

what do oncogenes do?

A

stimulate cell proliferation

45
Q

what do tumour supressors do?

A

inhibit cell proliferation, stimulate cell death

46
Q

what genetics do inherited metabolic disorders have?

A

autosomal recessive

47
Q

what is atheroma characterised by?

A

fatty streak and fibrofatty plaque

Principles Em (10 decks)

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