Physiology Flashcards
Is all active testosterone free?
NO! It is also active when bound to albumin because of its low affinity (hense high reactivity)
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
1. FOLLICULAR PHASE
Cycle days 1-5: Menses/ “period”
Cycle days 6-13 : Rise in estrogen
Cycle day 14 : Ovulation
2. LUTEAL PHASE
Cycle days 15-28 : implantation or not
What is RBC isoimmunisation?
Maternal antibodies formed against fetal erythrocyte antigens that cross the placenta and causes fetal red cell lysis and anemia
What is andropause or partial androgen deficiency in aging men (PADAM)?
- Free testosterone goes down faster with age than total because liver produces SHBG as you get holder, so high affinity binder increases, which causes more testosterone to become bound and there to be less free
- Symptoms: decreased testicular function, libido, muscle strength, increased BPH and prostate cancer, depression and hot flashes
- Treatment: testosterone, human growth hormone, DHEA and melatonin
- Side effects: retain fluids, worsen/precipitates sleep apnea, produces polycythemis
What are the stages of labour?
- First stage (cervical stage): cervical change – effacement & dilatation to 10 cms
- Second stage (pelvic stage): Begins at full dilatation of cervix till the delivery of the baby
- Third stage (placental stage): The third stage of labor involves the separation and expulsion of the placenta.
What are the normal values of progesterones?
Male: 0.3-1.3 nmol/L
Female: 19-45 nmol/L
What hormone is used for pregnancy test?
hCG (human choronic gonadotropin)
What are the respiratory effects of pregnancy?
- Deeper breathing à ↑ tidal volume
- Increased oxygen consumption (20%) by progesterone and enlarged uterus
- Increased ventilation rate (40%)
How is milk secretion controled?
Autocrine control based on the supply-demand principle
What triggers puberty?
Kisspeptin
What hormonal factors influence reproduction?
- Age
- Kisspeptin (+)
- MKRN3 (-)
- Nutrition
- Leptin (long-term)
- Insulin (short-term)
- Light
* Pineal input - Social factors
- Stress
- Breastfeeding (prolactin inhibits pulsatility)
Erection is under the contol of which system?
PARASYMPATHETIC
GnRH is regulated by what?
By a small protein in the hypothalamus called kisspeptin in a pulsatile way
If you have low sex steroids and high LH & FSH, you suspect what endocrine disease?
End-organ resistance to gonadal steroids caused by chromosomal abnormality, menopause, autoimmune condition or surgical/chemotherapy
What hormones peak during puberty?
- LH pulse amplitude is about 10 x that of childhood
- FSH pulse amplitude is about 2x that of childhood
The pulses peak in the NIGHT at first and then during the day as well
What are the MSK effects of pregnancy?
- Progressive lordosis
- ↑ mobility of sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal, and pubic joints have increased mobility during pregnancy
- Symphyseal separation (PAIN)
- Carpal tunnel syndrome-like symptoms
What part of the pituitary secreted the melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)?
The Pars Intermedia (Intermediate pituitary)
What are the normal values of estradiol?
Male: 37-360 nmol/L
Female: 700-1250 nmol/L
What are the normal values of testosterone?
Male: 6.9-34.7 nmol/L
Female: 0.7-2.8 nmol/L