Pathology Flashcards
People who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have a greatly increased risk of what?
Breast cancer and ovarian cancer. We give them:
a) Risk-lowering drug (tamoxifen or raloxifene)
b) Prophylactic mastectomy
c) Prophylacticoophorectomy
Which type of testicular germ cell tumour peaks from 20 to 30 years old?
Non-semimona
If you see a vulvar lesions, what do you do next?
A biopsy
What are the types of non-seminoma?
- Embryonal carcinoma (AGGRESSIVE)
- Teratoma
- Choriocarcinoma (AGGRESSIVE)
- Yolk sac tumor (Schiller Duval body)
What are the 2 types of HPV that cause cancer?
HPV 16 and HPV 18
What are the causes of congenital anomalies?
- Malformation: Intrinsically abnormal developmental process (primary errors of morphogenesis)
- Deformation: Extrinsic disturbance of development from localized or generalized compression of the growing foetus by abnormal biomechanical forces
- Disruption: Secondary destruction of an organ or body region that was previously normal in development (extrinsic disturbance in morphogenesis)
- Sequence: Multiple congenital anomalies resulting from secondary effect of a single localized initial aberration in development
- Malformation syndrome: Presence of several defects that cannot be explained on the basis of a single localizing error in morphogenesis
What is the principal risk factor of STIC of the Fallopian tube?
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Should you order a lymph node sampling for Phyllodes tumour?
No because it metastasizes hematogenously (in the blood)
What is the single most important prognostic factor for prostate cancer?
Gleason grading (based on the architecture of the malignant glands)
Name two typical pediatric solid organ neoplasia with a “small blue cell” histology
- Neuroblastoma (embryonal tumor)
- Wilms’ tumor (nephroblastoma)
A women presents with pain in the breast. It is likely cancer?
No, only 10% of breast cancers are painful
Are HER2 POSITIVE breast carcinoma associated with good or bad prognosis?
BAD BAD BAD
BUT respond to chemotherapy because high grade
What is the treatement of endometrial cancer?
- Total hysterectomy
- Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
- Lymph node sampling
- +/- omentectomy
What is the treatment of an early stage Cervical invasive carcinoma?
Radical Hysterectomy or Chemo/Radiation
Which breast cancer is usually detected by mammography due to associated calcifications?
DCIS (ductal carcinoma in-situ)
How does HPV cause cancer?
It targets 2 oncogenes:
- E6 (degradation of p53 tumour suppressor protein)
- E7 (binds to pRB that regulates cells cycle)
This leads to spontaneous mutations over time, cellular proliferation and immortalization
What is the most common benign breast tumour in older (40-50) women?
Phyllodes tumour
Which type of nipple discharge is associated with malignancy?
- Spontaneous
- Unilateral
- Serous
- Bloody
Do you need to do a biopsy if you do an orchiectomy for a suspected testicular cancer?
NON
In which type of testicular germ cell tumors you can see Schiller Duval body?
Yolk sac tumor (non-seminoma)
What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?
- Age: more common > 50 yrs
- Race: African-American>Caucasian>Asian
- Family history
- Hormonal: testosterone leads to proliferation and growth of the testicular cancer cells so you can block the testosterone production of its receptor for tx
- Environmental factors not well understood
Increased risk: Red meat, fat
Decreased risk: Lycopene, Selenium, Soy, Vit D
What are the 3 short term complications of prematurity?
- Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
- Brain hemorrhage
What is the treatment of an advanced stage Cervical invasive carcinoma?
Radiation & Chemotherapy
What is the 3 year survival rate of breast inflammatory carcinoma?
3 to 10%……
Which breast cancer presents as unilateral erythematous eruption of the nipple?
Paget’s Disease (DCIS)
In which type of testicular germ cell tumour you can see necrosis and hemorrhage on gross pathology?
Non-seminoma because they are more agressive
What is the most common benign breast tumor in young women?
Fibroadenoma
What is the #1 precursor of testicular germ cell tumour?
Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN)
Thickened basement membrane, arrest in spermatogenesis (no spermatozoa in the lumen), replacement by neoplastic cells
What are the preferential sites of prostatic cancer metastases?
- Bones (mostly osteoblastic)
- Lymph nodes (often preceding bone mets), firstly to obturator
Which invasive carcinoma have good prognosis?
Tubular and mucinous
Which type of tumour are more likely to respond to chemo?
ER (estrogen) -
What are the most important prognostic factors to report in a radical prostatectomy?
- Gleason grade (tumor differentiation)
- TNM stage (extent of cancer)
- Surgical margin status (has the surgeon cut into the cancer or was it completely removed?)
Where is the most frequent site of cervical neoplasm?
The Transformational zone (Squamous/columnar junctional area) because more prone to HPV
Which type of breast cancer usualy metastasize to the ovaries?
Lobular invasive carcinoma
