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AMP > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the cornea in the eye?

A

focusing power of the eye.

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the iris in the eye?

A

controls the diameter and size of the pupil.

its the eye colour.

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the lens in the eye?

A

aids focusing of the eye onto the retina.

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4
Q

what is the curvature of the lens of the eye control by?

A

cilliary muscles and zonule fibres.

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5
Q

what is the purpose of the aqueous humor in the eye?

A

maintains intracular pressure, nourishes and removes debris.

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6
Q

what is the scera in the eye?

A

connective tissue layer

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the the choroid in the eye?

A

nourishes outer 1/3 of the retina.

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8
Q

what is the retina layer in the eye?

A

light sensing layer

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9
Q

what does the vitreous humor/bodys purpose in the eye?

A

provides structure to the eyeball.

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10
Q

in which layer would you find the photoreceptors?

A

in the bottom layer - closest to the back of the eye.

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptors?

A

cones and rods.

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12
Q

why does absorption of light occurin the outer segments of the photoreceptor?

A

as it contains stack of membranous discs which contain the light sensitive photopigment.

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13
Q

what do photoreceptors transduce light energy into?

A

changes in membrane potential.

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14
Q

what cells connect the photoreceptors to the ganlion cells in the eye?

A

bipolar cells.

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15
Q

what is the function of amacrine cells in the eye?

A

control and modulate the majority of imputs to the retinal ganglion cells and their responses,

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16
Q

where are amacrine cells located in the eye?

A

between the connection between the gangion cells and the bipolar cells.

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the bipolar cells in the eye?

A

create direct pathway from photoreceptor to gangion cells.

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18
Q

what is the function of horizontal cells in the eye?

A

feed info laterally in the outer plexi for layer to influence neighbouring cells.

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19
Q

where are horizontal cells in the eye found?

A

between the connects of where the bipolar and photoreceptors meet.

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20
Q

what is the function of muller cells?

A

they ensheath all retinal neurons and contribute in mediating their functions and stability

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21
Q

where are muller cells in the eye found?

A

located in the neuronal retina and span its entire depth.

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22
Q

why is the fovea (in the eye) dipper?

A

so all light can go straight to the photoreceptors.

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23
Q

what are the only types of photoreceptors in the fovea?

A

only has cones.

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24
Q

what causes the blind spot in our vision?

A

it is where the optic never is so there are no photoreceptors.

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25
Q

what is the pigment in rods called?

A

rhodopsin

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of opsin in cones that allows us to detect colour?

A
  • red
  • green
  • blue.
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27
Q

how is colour perception determined by the cone photoreceptors?

A

is determined by the relative contribution of blue, green and red cones to the retinal signal.

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28
Q

what is achromatopsia?

A

total colour blindness.

29
Q

what causes achromatopsia?

A

genetic mutation where they individual have no cones.

30
Q

what is dichromacy?

A

a form of colour blindness where 1/3 of the basic colour mechanisms not functioning.

31
Q

what is the phototransduction pathway?

A

process where light is converted into electrical signals into the rod and cone cells.

32
Q

Rods or Cones:

low sensitivity to light?

A

Cones (ideal for day vision)

33
Q

Rods or Cones:

have the most photopigment?

A

Rods (as they need to capture more light)

34
Q

Rods or Cones:

have higher amplification?

A

Rods

35
Q

Rods or Cones:

Higher temporal resolution?

A

Cones (fast response)

36
Q

Rods or Cones:

more sensitive to scattered light?

A

rods

37
Q

Rods or Cones:

more sensitive to direct light?

A

cones

38
Q

How are photoreceptors set up?

A

in fields - where some turn on and some turn off.

39
Q

How is the visual pathway carried out?

A
  • retina
  • optic nerve
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tracts
  • lateral geniculate nuclei
  • optic radiations and the visual coretx in the occipital lobe.
40
Q

where is visual motion processed in the brain?

A

striate cortex towards the parietal lobe.

41
Q

where is the recognition of objects processed in the brain?

A

striate cortex towards the temporal lobe.

42
Q

what are the parts of the outer ear?

A
  • Pinna

- Auditory canal

43
Q

what is the purpose of the pinna in the ear?

A

funnel to collect sound waves/ aid in determining sound location.

44
Q

what is the function of the auditory canal in the ear?

A

focuses sound waves- increasing pressure on the tympanic membrane.

45
Q

where does the middle ear start and finish?

A

starts at the tympanic membrane and ends at the oval window.

46
Q

what are the names of the 3 ossicles in the middle ear?

A
  • malleus (the hammer)
  • incus (the anvil)
  • stapes (the stirrup)
47
Q

what is the purpose of the middle ear?

A
  • to convert waves to fluid.
  • increasing the size of vibrations.
  • stop of loosing signals.
48
Q

what does the attenuation reflex aid us in preventing?

A

ear damage - way for the ear to protect its self from loud noises.

49
Q

how does the attenuation reflex aid in preventing ear damage?

A

the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract - pulling tthe malleus inwards and the stapes outwards. Causing the ossicular system to become more ridged and decrease in ability to conduct sound.

50
Q

what is one problem with the attenuation reflex?

A

there is a delay in the response of 40-80ms. So damage can be caused in this time.

51
Q

what is the name of the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube.

52
Q

what is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

A

to equilibriate air pressure in middle ear to pressure in atmosphere.

53
Q

what happens if there is a difference in pressure in the middle ear and the atmosphere?

A
  • decreased motion of tympanic membrane so decrease in hearing.
54
Q

what structures of the inner ear?

A
  • Cochlea

- 3 semicircular canals

55
Q

what is the function of the cochlea in the ear?

A

auditory component of the inner ear.

56
Q

what is the function of the 3 semicircular canals in the eaR?

A

they are the balance component of the inner ear.

57
Q

is the basila membrane wider at the start of the cochlea or towards the apex?

A

at the apex.

58
Q

what is important to know about the basilar membrane?

A

different frequency sound waves travel different distances along it - high frequency a the base and low frequency at the apex.

59
Q

what type of hair cells make the majority of hearing?

A

inner hair cells.

60
Q

what is the importance of the hair cells?

A

they convert mechanical energy into changes in memebrane potential.

61
Q

how does a sound wave get to the brain?

A
  • sounds waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate
  • causing hair cells to push against the tectorial membrane.
  • causing cillia on the hair cells to bend
  • this activates signals to be sent to the brain.
62
Q

what is the purpose of the outer hair cells?

A

the modulate the response of the inner hair cells.

63
Q

what is damage to hearing normal caused by inside the ear?

A

due to damage to the hairs that connect the cell to the membrane.

64
Q

how are the hair cells linked together?

A

via elastic filaments.

65
Q

how are the hair cells depolarized?

A
  • potassium gates channels open
  • after polarisation in the cell, calcium channels open.
  • this activates the release of vesicles filled with excitatory neurotransmitter.
  • This starts an action potential.
66
Q

what fluid are the hairs of the hair cells in?

A

endolymph

67
Q

what fluid are the hair cells body in?

A

perilymph

68
Q

what are the steps of the ascending auditory pathway?

A
  • cochlea
  • cochlear nucleus
  • left superior olive/ right superior olive (in the pons)
  • inferior colliculus
  • medical geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
  • auditory cortex.
69
Q

what happens to the tonotopic possition from the basilar membrane during the auditory pathway?

A

it is maintained all the way up to the auditory cortex.

AMP (7 decks)

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