Anatomy Flashcards
what are the 5 basic subdivisions of the secondary brain vesicles?
- telecephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon.
what structures of the brain make up the brainstem?
pons
midbrain
medulla.
what is the main grooves separating the 2 brain lobes called?
sagittal fissure.
whats the difference between sulcus and gyrus?
Sulcus = grooves over the brain. Gyrus = folds
what is the corpus callosum and what is its purpose?
it connects each side of the brain allowing it to communicate.
It is made from white mater.
what type of neurons does the pre-central gyrus give rise to?
motor neurons - allowing muscles in the body to move.
what type of neurons does the post-central gyrus give rise to?
sensory fibres - bringi g up sensory info to partietal lobe.
what are the factory tracts?
part of the 1st cranial nerve. they are extensions of the central nervous system.
what is the purpose of the cerebra peduncles?
info highways taking asending and desending info to and from the pons and medulla to the thalamus.
what cranial nerve runs through the interpeduncular fossa?
3rd cranial nerve runs through it (the oculomotor nerve)
where would the middle cerebella pedunces be found?
each side of the pons.
what structures protect the brain?
- hair.
- scalp
- skull
- meninges
- CFS
what is the toughest cranial meninge?
Dura mater.
what are the laying in which the dura mater can be split into?
outer periosteal and inner membanous layer.
what cranial meninge if found under the dura mater?
arachnoid membrane.
how is the arachnoid layer help against the inner layer of the dura mater?
by pressure of cerebrospinal fluid.
what is the most delicate cranial meninge?
Pia mater.
where does the pia mater adherent to?
the surface of the CNS
what is the purpose of the cerebral spinal fluid? and where is it found?
its for protection and if found through the subarachnoid space.
what can be fund between the dura mater layers?
dura sinus.
what is the purpose of the dura sinus?
enables venous blood to return from the CNS to the internal jugular vein.
where does the superior sagittal sinus receive blood from?
superficial veins of the brain.
where does the great cerebral vein receive blood from?
deep veins of the brain.
what is the purpose of the confluence of sinuses?
where the straight sinus and superior sagital sinus converge.
where is the straight sinus located?
runs at the edge of the tentoruin cerebelli
what is the only nerve to leave the brain from the dorsal surface?
4th cranial nerve - Trochlear.
where does the superior cerebella peduncles travel from and then too?
from midbrain to cerebellum.
where does the middle cerebella peduncles travel from and then too?
from pons to cerebellum
where does the inferior cerebella peduncles travel from and then too?
from medulla to cerebellum
where is the medulla oblongata located?
below the pons.
where does the cerebral aqueduct run through?
the mid brain.
what would damage to the substantia nigra result in?
parkinsons disease.
This is due to dark areas that contain fibres (thats control movement) are damaged
where does the optic never receive info from?
the eyes.
is the Olfactory cranial nerve motor or sensory or both? and where does it supply info?
sensory - nose/smell.
is the optic cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
sensory - eyes/sight
is the oculomator cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
motor - eye muscles.
is the trochlear cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
motor - eye movement.
is the trigeminal cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
both
sensory - face sinuses and teeth.
motor - jaw muscles.
is the abducent cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
motor - eye movement.
is the intermediate and facial cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
Intermediate:both
motor - submaxillary and sublingual glands.
sensory - front of tongue and soft palate.
Facial = motor - muscles of the face
is the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
sensory - hearing and balance.
is the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
motor - swallowing with pharyngeal musclulature.
sensory - taste + sensation on the back of the tongue, tonsils and pharynx.
is the vagus cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
motor - heart, lungs, bronchi and gastrolntestinal tract.
Sensory - heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, GI tract and external ear.
is the accessory cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
motor - shoulder muscles.
is the hypoglossal cranial nerve motor or sensory or both?and where does it supply info?
motor - muscles of the tongue.
what group of arteries are the main blood supple to the head and neck?
carotid arteries.
where does the common carotid come off the left side of the heart?
aorta
where does the common carotid come off the right side of the heart?
brachiocephalic trunk
Does the internal or external caroitd artery supple the brain?
internal
where does the lingual artery supply blood to?
to the tongue and the floor of the mouth
of what artery is the lingual artery a branch of?
external carotid artery.
where does the lingual artery terminate?
the tip of the tongue.
where does the lingual artery supply?
the muscles/ mucosa of the tongue. floor of the mouth. palatoglossa arch tonsils soft palate epiglotis.
of what artery is the facial artery a branch of?
external carotid artery.
what are the 3 branches of the facial artery?
ascending palatine artery artery
inferior and superior labial arteries
where does the ascending palatine artery supply?
the soft palate/ upper part of pharynx/ tonsils.
where do the inferior and superior labial arteries
the upper and lower lips.
what artery is the maxillary artery a branch of?
external carotid artery.
what artery is initially embedded in the parotid gland?
maxillary artery.
what could happen to the maxillary artery if you accidently numbed it?
could cause a very obvious hemotoms of side of the face due to pressure of blood inside.
what are the branches of the maxillary artery?
- inferior alveolar artery
- posterior superior alveolar artery
- infra-orbital artery
- greater palatine artery.
what are the 2 branches of the inferior alveolar artery?
- mental artery
- incisive artery.
where does the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery supply blood to?
chin and lower teeth.
where does the inferior alveolar artery supple blood to?
all mandibular teeth.
when does the maxillary artery become the posterior superior alveolar artery?
when in the pherioidpalatine fosa.
what does the posterior superior alveolar artery supply?
the molar and premolar teeth.
the maxillar sinus.
what are the last 2 branches of the maxillary artery?
sphenopalatine artery and infra-orbital artery.
what does the lesser palatine branch of the greater palatine artery supply?
soft palate
what does the greater palatine branch of the greater palatine artery supply?
hard palate mucosa + palatine gingiva.
as well as the anteroinferior part of the nasa; cavity
what artery supplies the tongue and floor of the mouth?
lingual artery
what artery supplies the superficial structures of the face?
facial artery
what artery supplies the soft palate?
lingual, facial and maxillary artery.
what artery supply the hard palate?
greater palatine artery
what artery supplies the lower teeth?
inferior alveolar artery and its inasive branch
what artery supplies the upper teeth?
posterior and anterior superior alveolar arteries.
does does blood drain from the tongue?
deep lingual veins (visible under the tongue) and dorsal lingual vein.
what veins do the deep lingual and dorsal lingual veins empty into?
internal jugular vein.
what veins does the internal jugular vein fuse with to form the brachiocephalic vein?
subclavian veins.
what do the 2 brachiocephalic veins fuse to form?
superior vena cava.
from where does blood drain into ptergoid venous plexus?
- hard palate
- soft palate
- teeth
- superficial structures of the face
- the orbit
- the cranial cavity
where is the ptergoid plexus found?
pterygoid muscle.
where does the pterygoid plexus drain into?
macially veins
where does the facial veins rain into?
internal jugular vein.
what attaches to the mylohyoid line?
mylohyoid muscle.
what is a lingula?
bone covering the mandibular foramen.
what is found in the mylohyoid groove?
mylohyoid never and vessels.
what muscles form the floor of the mouth?
2 mylohyoid muscles.
what comes through the incisive foramen?
nasopalatine nerve.
what comes through the greater palatine foramen?
greater palatine nerves.
what comes through the smaller palatine foramen?
lesser palatine nerves
what comes through the infra-orbital foramen?
infraorbital nerve.
how does the facial nerve travel from the brain to the face?
through the posterior cranial fossa into the facial canal in the temporal bone.
in then immerges through the sphenoidmastoid foranum.
It enters the parotid gland superfissially and splits into branches.
what are the branches of the facial nerve?
- temporal branches
- zygomatic branches
- buccal branches
- marginal mandibular branches
- survicle branches.
why can you cause temporary facial paralysis when giving an ID block?
if you go too far with the needle it can numb up the facial never when it is in the parotid gland
where is the orbicularis oculi found? and what nerve branches supple it?
found around the eye.
supplied by temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.
where is the orbicularis oris found? and what nerve branches supply it?
found around the mouth.
supplied by the buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve.
what does the levator labii superioris do?
curl the lip upwards
what does the zygomaticus major do?
allows the corners of the mouth to move.
what does the depressor anguli oris do?
depresses the corners of the mouth
what does the mentalis muscle allow us to do?
stick lower lip out.
what causes Bell’s Palsy?
inflamation of the facial nerve in the facial canal.
what types of fibres are found in the trigeminal nerve?
moto and sensory.
how are the ganglions of the trigeminal nerve described?
pseudounipolar.
what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
V1 - Opthalmic nerve.
V2 - Maxillary nerve.
V3 - mandibular nerve.
where does V2 supple?
- upper teeth and gngiva
- hard and soft palate
- parts of the facial skin.
what are the names the V2 nerve branches into when in the pterygopalatine fossa?
- greater palatine nerve.
- lesser palatine nerve.
- nasal nerves.
- posterior superior alveolar nerve.
- superior alveolar plexus.
what are the names of the nerves that supple the upper teeth?
- posterior superior alveolar nerve.
- middle superior alveolar nerve.
- anterior superior alveolar never.
why can dental pain be sometimes by sinus inflammation and not due to problems with the teeth?
becuase all superior alveolar nerves run through the sinus so inflammation in this area can result in referred dental pain.
where is La deposited to give and IO nerve block?
in the areas of the IO foramen.
what does an IO nerve block numb?
upper lip, upper 1/2/3s, and their labial gingivae.
NOT the palatine gingiva.
where would a PSA nerve block numb?
molars and buccal gingivae.
NOT palate gingiva.
why cannot the IO and PSA nerve blocks be relied upon to LA the upper3s and their buccal gingiva?
because they can receive innervation from the MSA or ASA nerves.
what type of fibres are found in V3?
motor and sensory
why can an infection in the pterygoid plexus lead toserious/fatal conditions?
because it communicates with other spaces in the head meaning an infection in this area can spread.
what are the branches of the mandibular nerve?
- 1st motor never supplying th medial pterygoid muscle.
- anterior trunk
- posterior trunk
is the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve mostly motor or sensory?
mainly motor.
Only one sensory branch.
what is the only sensory branch of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve? and what does it supply?
long buccal nerve.
supplies the buccal gingivae.
what are the 3 branches of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve?
- the auriculototemporal nerve.
- the lingual nerve.
- the inferior alveolar never.
what does the auriculototemporal nerve supply?
the scalp on the side of the head.
what does the lingual nerve supply?
- the lingual gingivae on the lower teeth.
- the mucosa covering the floor of the mouth.
- anterior 2/3 of tongue.
what does the inferior alveolar nerve split into?
- mental nerve.
- incisive nerve.
what does the mental nerve supply?
- the skin over the chin
- mucosa of the lower lip
- the labial gingivae of the lower anterior teeth.
what does the incisive nerve supply?
the anterior teeth and their PDL.
