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GI Block > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What branch of the enteric nervous system controlls movement?

A

myenteric plexus

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2
Q

What branch of the enteric nervous system controlls secretions?

A

submucous plexus

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3
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

A

myenteric: between longitudinal and circular muscle layers
submucous: between circular muscle and mucosa

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4
Q

During peristalsis, what happens to muscles proximal to the bolus?

A

longitudinal realaxation, circular contraction

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5
Q

During peristalsis, what happens to muscles distal to the bolus?

A

longitudinal contraction, circular relaxation

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6
Q

What are the 7 GI sphincters?

A

UES, LES, pyloric, Oddi, ileocecal, internal anal, external anal

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7
Q

What stimulates secondary peristalsis in the esophagus?

A

mechanoreceptors

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of accomodation and their triggers?

A

receptive: mechanoreceptors in the pharynx
adaptive: vago-vagal by receptors in the stomach
feedback: nutrients in small intestine

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9
Q

What is the order of nutrient emptying speed?

A

carb, protein, fat

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10
Q

What is the interdigestive motility pattern in the small intestine?

A

migrating motor complex

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the migrating motor complex?

A

move undigestable contents out of the small intestine

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12
Q

What is the purpose of segmentation in the small intestine?

A

mixing and absorption of nutrients

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13
Q

What are the 2 purposes of power propulsion?

A

clear out noxious substances from the bowels (leads to vomiting or diarrhea)
move contents form the distal colon to the rectum

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14
Q

What is the purpose of haustration and where does it occur?

A

absorption of water in the large intestine

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15
Q

What enzymes are secreted by salivary glands?

A

salivary amylase

lingual lipase

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16
Q

What cells make up gastric glands, and what do they secrete? (5)

A 
parietal cells - acid
ECL cells - histamine
chief cells - pepsinogen
G cells - gastrin
D cells - somatostatin
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17
Q

What stimulates secretion of somatostatin and what does it do?

A

low pH; suppresses gastrin secretion

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18
Q

What is the trigger for gastrin release and what does it do?

A

vagal stimulation via GRP

stimulates acid production

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19
Q

What triggers CCK release, what cells produce it, and what does it do (3)?

A 
nutrients in the duodenum
I cells (duodenum)
gallbladder contraction, sphincter of Oddi relaxation, pancreatic enzyme secretion
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20
Q

Explain the CCK feedback loop

A

CCK causes release of pancreatic enzymes which break down food, releasing more nutrients, causing further CCK release

21
Q

What triggers secretin release, what cells produce it, and what does it do (3)?

A

protein and acid in duodenum
S cells in duodenum
stimulates bicarb release, augments CCK, decreases acid secretion

22
Q

How is bicarb secreted and from which cells?

A

CFTR pumps out Cl which is then exchanged for bicarb

duct cells

23
Q

What is the function of vasoactive intestinal peptide?

A

stimulates intestinal secretion of electrolytes adn H2O, stimulates release of NO to relax sphincters

24
Q

What is the function of motilin and where is it produced?

A

formation of migrating motor complexes

enterochromaffin cells

25
Q

What is the function of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and where is it produced?

A

less acid and more insulin

K cells of duodenum/jejunum

26
Q

What enzyme allows acid production?

A

carbonic anhydrase

27
Q

What are the triggers for acid secretion? (3)

A

gastrin
ACh (vagus)
histamine

28
Q

What is the main stimulus of acid secretion in the cephalic phase?

A

vagus

29
Q

What are the breakdown products of starch by pancreatic amylase?

A

disaccharides and alpha-limit dextrans

30
Q

What protein absorbs glucose?

A

SGLT-1 (Na-dependent)

31
Q

What protein absorbs fructose?

A

GLUT-5

32
Q

What protein absorbs galactose?

A

SGLT-1 (Na-dependent)

33
Q

What protein allows absorption of sugars out of enterocytes?

A

GLUT-2

34
Q

How is pepsinogen activated?

A

autolytic cleavage in the stomach

35
Q

What does pepsin target?

A

neutral amino acids of peptides in the stomach

36
Q

What is the difference between endopeptidases and exopeptidases?

A

endo: cleave internal bonds
exo: free terminal amino acids

37
Q

What activates pancreatic zymogens?

A

trypsin

38
Q

What activates trypsinogen?

A

enterokinase

39
Q

Where is enterokinase found?

A

apical membrane of duodenal enterocytes

40
Q

How are oligopeptides absorbed?

A

non-specific transporter with H+ gradient

41
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A

specific transporters with Na+ gradient

42
Q

Where does emulsification of fats begin?

A

stomach

43
Q

What constituents of bile allow fats to be dissolved?

A

bile salts and lecithin

44
Q

What is the difference between gastric and pancreatic lipase?

A

gastric: cleaves one ester, low pH
pancreatic: cleaves both sides, higher pH

45
Q

What is the function of colipase?

A

lipases are inhibited by bile. colipase binds to lipase and bile salts which anchors the enzyme on the droplet

46
Q

What cleaves the middle fatty acid of a triglyceride?

A

phsopholipase A2 (with calcium)

47
Q

What is the function of cholesterol esterase?

A

triglyceride digestion, digestion of fat-soluble vitamins

48
Q

How do fatty acids move from micelles to the inside of enterocytes?

A

the unstirred water layer is acidic which promotes release of fatty acids which diffuse into the cell

49
Q

What happens to fats inside the enterocytes?

A

they reform triglycerides, which are packaged with cholesterol, phospholipds, and apoproteins to form chylomicrons

GI Block (5 decks)

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